节点文献

酸奶制品在贮存过程发生后酸化的机理及控制措施的研究

Study on the Mechanism of Postacidification of the Plain Yogurt during Storage and the Methods to control it

【作者】 郭清泉

【导师】 张兰威;

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 , 食品科学与工程, 2001, 硕士

【摘要】 本研究针对困扰酸奶工业发展的后酸化问题,系统地研究了酸奶制品(由嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌发酵而成)在贮存过程中发生的各种理化指标变化和微生物指标变化,并确定了导致酸奶制品发生后酸化的主要发酵剂菌,同时对发酵剂菌体产生的糖代谢酶——β-半乳糖苷酶的活力、性质及产生期进行了研究,并依据后酸化发生的机理,提出了控制酸奶制品后酸化发生的措施。 在12℃条件下,酸奶样品于贮存第二天发生后酸化(pH=4.10),且随贮存天数的增加,后酸化越来越严重。发酵剂的两种菌菌数也随贮存天数的延长而减少,但嗜热链球菌减少的更多(99.96%),从而导致球菌与杆菌比例偏离1∶1。普通酸奶制品中没有葡萄糖存在,乳糖含量在贮存过程中仍继续下降,但并没有完全消耗,在贮存第十五天仍有1.48%,被消耗69.3%;半乳糖含量是不断增加的,由贮存第一天的0.8%上升为贮存第十五天的1.05%。凝固性酸奶的粘度变化受贮存时间影响不大,相比之下搅拌型酸奶的粘度下降幅度更大一些。 将培养物中保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌调整为相同pH值(4.50),起始相同菌数(7.34×10~7个/ml-7.4×10~7个/ml)后分别贮存(25℃),在贮存第11天嗜热链球菌的pH为4.57,而保加利亚乳杆菌pH为3.85,菌数与酸度并不一一对应,而是菌体的产酸能力决定了介质酸度下降。 采用菌体细胞蛋白质重量来测定β-半乳糖苷酶比活力是比较精确的方法。β-半乳糖苷酶为胞内酶,通过对溶菌酶破壁、超声波破壁、渗透压破壁、丙酮干粉四种破壁方法的比较,确定超声波破壁法进行细胞破壁。发酵剂菌体的β-半乳糖苷酶的活性在酸奶贮存过程中比活力下降,由最初的0.9707下降到0.468(第15天)。 通过对粗酶液中β-半乳糖苷酶性质的研究,可知保加利亚乳杆菌与嗜热链球菌的β-半乳糖苷酶在45~55℃之间活性有最大值。当温度高于60℃时,β-半乳糖苷酶活性急剧下降。在pH=7.0β-半乳糖苷酶活性有最大值,在偏酸性(pH<5.0)或偏碱性(pH>8.5),酶的活性几乎全部丧失。但是酸奶制品在贮存过程中pH可以下降到3.5,推测可能是菌体对β-半乳糖苷酶活性起保护作用。故设计在酸性条件下,菌体经超声波处理前后,测定β-半乳糖苷酶活性的差异。 在pH=4.5、4.0、3.5条件下,超声波处理菌体前后,嗜热链球菌的β-半乳糖苷酶活性β-半乳糖苷酶活性没有较大差异(P>0.05),而保加利亚乳杆菌β-半乳糖苷酶活性差异较大(P<0.01),证明保加利亚乳杆菌由于细胞壁的保护作用而使β-半乳糖苷酶活性得以保存相对长的时间。 链霉素对β-半乳糖苷酶的活性没有影响。通过添加链霉素,将发酵剂菌体全部杀死,使其不再产生β-半乳糖苷酶,这样添加链霉素的酸奶与没有添加链霉素的酸奶在贮存第6天pH值造成0.21差异,说明菌体细胞在酸奶制品发酵过程中及贮存过程中始终产生颀士学位论文 磋奶制品在贮存过程中发生后酸化的机理及控制措施的研究 东北农业大学p-半乳糖昔酶。 通过酸奶样品不同贮存温度的测定,在5℃条件下贮存,可以明显控制后酸化现象。对导致后酸化的主要菌保加利亚乳杆菌进行紫外诱变育种,得到 4株对高酸度(pH=4.3)敏感的保加利亚乳杆菌,但其突变性状不稳定,其中2号突变株的保加利亚乳杆菌母代对高酸敏感,其子代丧失此特性,其余突变株母代即丧失对高酸敏感特性。通过对发酵剂中杆菌比例与酸奶制品贮存第2天酸度值间关系的回归分析,建立回归方程:Y一6.993Of16,8229x,得到当杆菌所占比例小于35.32%时,其酸度值基本可以保证小于110”T;并通过发酵剂中杆菌比例为 35%的酸奶与传统酸奶(杆菌比例为 50Oh)的比较,凝固时间延长15分种,但可以将后酸化推迟2天发生,并且风味没有多大改变(用乙醛、丁二酮含量代表酸奶制品的风味)。在允许范围内改变乳干物质含量(10o/o-20%),酸奶制品后酸化的发生并没有显著的差别(P>0刀5)。添加 Nisin对于抑制后酸化效果明显,没有添加 Nisin的酸奶组在第】天酸度为 116.95”T,而添加 Nisin组在贮存第 5天酸度为 109.5-103.62”T,将后酸化现象推迟 5天,并且不影响酸奶制品的感宫质量,甚至因没有乳清析出而更好。添加溶菌酶效果并不理想,而添加牛胆盐当含量为 0.15%时,将后酸化推迟 3天,添加 0.3%牛胆盐的酸样品在经过 7天贮存 pH仅下降 0.17c

【Abstract】 Postacidification would occur in the storage of yogurt. Consumers are discontent with the heavy acid taste. In order to avoid it, this experiment systematically research the mechanism of postacidification and put forward some methods to control it. The yogurt sample occurred postacidification at the second day when the storage temperature is I 2C .The acidity is more intensive with the storage time. The count of S.t and L.b of yogurt sample decreased with the storage time, besides, the loss count of S.t is more than L.b (99.96%). In the sample, there is no glucose but galactose and lactose. The content of lactose is 1.48% at the fifteenth day and has been used 69.3%. The content of galactose increased from 0.8% in the first day of storage to 1.05% in the fifteenth day. The viscosity of the stirred yogurt decreased more than the set yogurt. In order to determine the main organism that causes postacidification, S.t and L.b were incubated respectively in the storage temperature 25 C. The culture of S.t and L.b is in the same condition(the count of LAB is 7.4X lO7cfu./ml or so . pH value is 4.50).At the eleventh day of storage, the culture pH value of S.t is 4.57.otherwise, L.b is 3.85.The influence of L.b is stronger than that of S.t to the pH value of the yogurt. In order to study the characteristic of P -galactosidase, Supersonic way to destroy the cell wall was compared with the way of lysozyme~ osmotic pressure and acetone diy power. Then I choose the supersonic way as the optimum way to destroy the cell wall. The characteristic of P -galactosidase of S.t is similar with that of L.b. At the temperature of 45-55~C,the activity of P -galactosidase is the bigger than the other temperature. At the same time, the activity of P -galactosidase is the biggest when pH value is 7.0.Before and after sonication, the specific activity of P -galactosidase is different especially for L.b in the low p1-I value. The microbial cell membrane, cell wall or both of L.b may aid in protecting the P -galactosidase from acid denaturation. Streptomycin can kill the starter bacterium but does not affect the activity of P -galactosidase. The pH value difference of adding streptomycin in yogurt and the pltin yogurt is 0.21 at the sixth day of storage. I adopted some methods to control the postacidification based on the mechanism. 3 Firstly, I tried to mutagenesis L.b with ultraviolet in order to make it sensitive to the high acid, but the characteristic of mutant could not inherit steadily. Secondly, I increased the proportion of S.t to L.b in the yogurt culture. The yogurt acidity of the second day is less than 1100 Twhen the proportion of S.t to L.b is less than 35.32% in the yogurt culture by the regression analysis. The flavor of yogurt (S.t t: L.b is 35:65) did not change much as the traditional yogurt (S.t : L.b isl :1) .In this experiment, the changes of milk dry solid has not much influence the yogurt postacidification. The result of adding Nisin to yogurt is good, but adding lysozyme to the yogurt sample isn抰 ideal. At the seventh day of storage, the pH value of yogurt (including bile) only decreased by 0.17 compared to 0.39 of the pH value of the plain yogurt.

【关键词】 后酸化关键菌β-半乳糖苷酶控制措施
【Key words】 yogurtpostacidificationβ-galactosidase
  • 【分类号】TS252.54
  • 【被引频次】47
  • 【下载频次】1952
节点文献中: