【作者】 卜奇文；

【导师】 周作明；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2000， 硕士

【摘要】 客家土楼是一种综合性的历史文化现象。作为世界建筑史上绝无仅有的奇特民居建筑，其成因从历史文化角度上看只有独特的历史文化背景才能产生独特的建筑景象。土楼作为客家民系特有的传统民宅，它是客家人的物质、精神文明和社会历史因素导致的产物。 客家是一个在迁徙中形成的民系，客家迁徙经历五个阶段，客家先民自唐末北宋聚居闽赣粤边区，经南宋、元代，到明代中晚期，因汉族南迁运动基本终止，各地分布大体定局，客家地区不再受到北方的压力，开始有了一个相对安定的居住环境。闽赣边区远离中国历代皇朝统治中心，高山阻隔，从未被牵涉于北方皇朝权力之争中。安定的政治社会环境给客家人建造土楼提供了良好的社会条件。 客家土楼，就其造型规模和建筑艺术而言，其渊源是来自于北方中原的古宫殿及住宅形式和夯土技术。在中国古代原始社会里，人们曾长期过着穴居、巢居、窝棚等的生活，经过实践经验的总结，人们开始认识到圆形空间的经济、结构安全和构造简单，因此曾大量建造圆形住宅。随着人们生活需求的提高和日渐清晰的方位观念、次序观念和等级观念的形成，圆形住宅难以满足上述要求时，方形住宅出现了，其后圆方形住宅共存。在中国原始氏族公社遗址发掘中，发现不少圆或方的建筑，如仰韶文化时期的西安半坡村遗址，黄河中下游龙山文化父亲氏族公社时期的遗址都存在有大量圆方住宅建筑聚集。其后在方圆形式上又演化生出明堂形制建筑。在明堂形制的基础上，民居的“四架之间平房”式的建筑出现，它是中国古代所有建筑的最小基准单位。反观客家土楼，其五凤楼构造与四架三间形式有着微妙的联系，同时又继承了明堂的纵横五堂原则。其建筑的形态以方形和圆形为主，强调中轴位置，以此体现中国的封建礼教、宗族制度和儒家思想。通过土楼文化的三个层面反映了客家精神。 总之，客家人在山间小盆地这个优越的地理条件下，相对安定的政治环境和良好的经济基础保证下，充分利用当地丰足的自然资源，挟众多人口的优势，在封建家族制度和血缘伦理传统观念的支配下，继承承传而来的古中原建筑造型艺术和夯土技术，在客家地区建造出一座座宏伟绝伦的土楼巨宅。对于客家土楼文化的研究可以让我们更加深刻地了解客家传统文化，让我们加深对客家的历史文化的成就及其对缔结中华民族悠久历史和灿烂文化所作出的重要贡献。更多还原

【Abstract】 The clay building of Ke Jia nationality’ is a comprehensive historical and cultural phenomenon . As ^unique and fantastic folk architecture in the world architecture, Ke Jia clay building is the idiographic product corresponding to the background of the same idiographic historical and cultural condition. Beingthe proper traditional folk building of Ke Jia nationality ,it reflects the different factors ranging from the material and spiritual civilizations to social history of Ke Jia people.Ke Jia nationality was formed in people’s long梩erm migrating which could be divided into five periods. During the period of later Tang Dynasty and the beginning g of Song Dynasty, the ancestors of Ke Jia lived mainly in the boundary regions of Fu JianyJiang Xi and Guangdong province. Till the age of south Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty and the middle and later period of Ming Dynasty, the southward migrating of Han nationality gradually halted with their geographic scattering keeping steady. A comparatively peace and stable inhabiting environment was left for ’Ke Jia people due to the relief of the ethnic discrimination from the north of China. The boundary regions of Fu Jian and Jiang Xi province were remote from the ruling of imperial force. The mountainous geographic condition prevented the local people from being involved into political conflicts of the emperor in North China. The harmonious political and social environment provided a perfect social condition for Ke Jia people to shape the caly building.The mold scale and style of the architect of Ke Jia clay building can be traced back to the style^the ancient palace, dwelling house and the techniques of ramming .In the primary society of china .people lived in caves or shacks for a long period. After summarizing the housing experience in practical, people began to realise that the circular spare provided inhabitants reasonable cost ,safe structure and simple construction. Therefore .circular houses were largely built . However, circular house could not satisfy the other demands from all aspectsbecause of the improved living standard and the gradually defined ideas for location .social order and rating .So the square house made its appearance to complement the disadvantages of the circular house. Square style and circular .style coexisted afterward , and the coexisted styled houses were discovered in many explored relics of primary phratry society of china . For example the Banpo village relic of the period of Yangshao civilization in Xi’an , the large numbers of patrilineal phratry aged circular and square architecture explored in Longshan civilization in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River .Mingtang style architecture was originated from the square and circular style .Then based on Mingtang style of , a new folk style of architecture in ancient china .While we are observing the five -phoenix building of Ke Jia clay building , we may understand the subtle association between it and the "four-beam three-house"style .On the other hand , the latter inherits the crossing-connecting principle of Mingtang.Ke Jia building is mainly circularly or squarely shaped . It stresses the locationof the axis, which could traiL^iflthe theory of feudal ethical code, phyle systemiand the thinking of Confucian .The spiritual world of Ke Jia nationality is detailed through the above three aspects of the clay building culture .Generally speaking, the mountainous basin supplies a suitable geographic’environment for Ke Jia . The -comparatively harmonious political situation and favorable economic development guarantee Ke Jia people to explore the abundant local natural resource .The large population of Ke Jia , the dominating of the feudal family system and bloody traditional ethnic conception influence their thinking the artistic style of ancient middle china and techniques of ramming Ke Jia people built their splendid clay building in their inhaliting regions. The study toward the culture of Ke Jia clay build may help us to the historical and cultural achi更多还原