沔中都督区辨析与东晋上流政治

【作者】 高峰；

【导师】 蒋福亚；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2000， 硕士

【摘要】 沔中都督区是东晋防守与进击的军事区域之一，对其考论偶见于前人著作。其中以严耕望与田余庆先生著作最为精当，但二位史家有些论点似值得商榷。 严先生《中国地方行政制度史》中认为沔中督区得名是由于其镇地位于沔水中游；沔北与沔中为同一督区；沔中督区隶属与荆州都督。本文则通过对史料的考辨认为沔中督区得名于其辖境，也即“沔水所由也”；沔中与沔北二督区不同，其辖境有着较为固定的差别——沔中为魏兴、新城、上庸、襄阳、竟陵、义成、江夏诸郡，而沔北为襄阳、随郡、南阳、顺阳、义阳、新野；沔中督区与荆州都督的关系也因时因地而异，其独立性是主要的。 田先生《东晋门阀政治》相关章节认为，沔中经济方面，“襄阳以及全部梁州，所赖‘荆湘之粟’以为军实，这在东晋南朝大抵如是”。本文认为这一论断对沔中镇地襄阳则评价过于低。从史实看，东晋南朝时期此地经济尚有支持他州的记载，并非均依荆湘之粟。沔中自汉以来为开发良好的经济区域，当时又有大量流人迁入，战争虽时有发生，但安定和平局面是主流，加之农业经济较易恢复，沔中经济当可自支。 东晋史上，沔中督区并非始终存在，而是随着上流的形势变化设置或废除，与东晋政治势力演变密不可分。沔中督区历史可分为三个时期：一、桓宣镇沔与庾氏对沔中的争夺。二、桓氏对沔中的争夺与经营。三、淝水之战前后的沔中督区。 在沔中历史上，有两次事件值得我们注意。一是庾亮对恒宣权力的争夺。田余庆先生对此有精辟论述，但没有注意到沔中与沔北的区别，所以对比调动前桓宣“监沔中诸军事”与调动后的“都督沔北前锋征讨军事”，田先生认为庾亮没有达到排挤桓宣的目的。实际上从沔中与沔北督区的差别看，庾亮实已夺取了桓宣控制沔中诸郡，包括襄阳统督的权力。二是桓豁督沔中的目的。除《晋书》本传载当时“西藩骚动”外，似乎还有其他原因。细绎史书，任梁州刺史二十五年之久的宗室司马(?)的存在，对于桓氏稳定上游统治显然是一个威胁，本文推论桓豁督沔中原因也是为控制司马(?)。 上述三个时期中，沔中督区的设置，对整个东晋政治都有影响，相对沔北督区，沔中督区掌握着荆州的东门江夏郡，襄阳与江陵的通道竟陵郡，由此对于上下游的斗争起着极为重要的制衡作用，这种制衡作用使上游统督者的镇地逐渐向襄阳迁移，以就近控制沔中势力。当然沔中督区的主要作用还在于它的防御北方、保障边土的作用。 雍州代沔中后，虽从实力上加强，但从地理形势上看，原属沔中的竟陵与江夏归属郢州，上流局势一变而为荆、雍、郢鼎足而立、互相牵制的格局。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mianzhong military region (MZMR) was one of the frontier defense areas in Dongjin dynasty. Textual research on it was occasionally seen in predecessor抯 writings, among them, Predecessor Gengwang Van抯 and Yuqing Tian抯 are the most precise and appropriate. However, some points of the writings, I think, are open to discuss. In Local administrative system history of China, Mr.Yan thought that MZMR抯 name came from the fact that its?capital laid in the middle reaches of Mian River; MianBei military region is MZMR; and MZMR was subordinate to governor of Jingzhong military region. Differently, this thesis thinks that MZMR抯 name came from its region where Mian River flow through; Mianbei isn抰 MZMR; and not under to that governor. In Nobel political in Don gun Dynasty, Mr Tian thought MZMR抯 economy was dependent on Jing and Xiang prefecture. This thesis thinks the economy was independent in a long time. MZMR had not always been existed in Dongjin Dynasty, but was established and abolished according to the changing of powers. Its history can be divided into three periods. There were two things happened in Dongjin history, which must be paid attention to. The first one is fighting for power between politicians Yuliang and Huanxuan; the second one is that Huanhuo抯 appointment as governor of MZMR has morn than a single reason. MZMR influenced the whole situation of Dongjin dynasty, with strategy areas---- Jiangxia and Jingling; MZMR had taken a great role of balancing the struggle between the upper and low reaches. MZMR was also the main defense areas. After replacement of MZMR by Yong military areas, the situation of upper reaches became a three-part tie up layout-桱ing, Yong and Ying military areas.更多还原