【摘要】 主要综述了木质纤维素生物质的来源与组分，阐述了多种预处理方法，包括物理法、化学法、物理化学法和生物法，并分析了各方法的优缺点。其中，物理法（如机械研磨、微波辐射和超声波处理）绿色环保，但效能有限；化学法（包括酸、碱、TEMPO和深共晶溶剂预处理）效率较高，但成本较高或存在环境影响；物理化学法（如蒸汽爆破和水热预处理）高效，但依赖高温高压设备；生物预处理法环保、高效，但过程控制复杂。同时，对木质纤维素生物质气凝胶在环保、能源、建筑和生物医学等领域的相关应用进行了综述，例如，在环保领域，木质纤维素气凝胶可用于高效吸附重金属离子和有机污染物。最后，探讨了木质纤维素生物质气凝胶未来发展面临的科学与技术挑战并展望其发展方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 This review outlines the origin and compositional complexity of lignocellulosic biomass and critically evaluates current pretreatment approaches, categorized as physical(e. g., mechanical grinding, microwave irradiation, ultrasonication), chemical(e. g., acid, alkali, TEMPO-mediated oxidation, deep eutectic solvents), physicochemical(e. g., steam explosion, hydrothermal treatment), and biological methods. It also discusses their respective mechanisms, efficiencies, advantages, and limitations. Physical techniques are environmentally benign but often suffer from low deconstruction efficiency; chemical methods achieve high delignification or depolymerization yields yet may entail high reagent costs or environmental concerns; physicochemical processes are highly effective but typically demand energy-intensive, high-temperature/pressure conditions; biological pretreatments offer sustainability and specificity but require stringent control of operational parameters. The review further highlights the emerging applications of lignocellulosic-derived aerogels across diverse fields, including environmental remediation(e. g., adsorption of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants), energy storage, construction materials, and biomedicine. Finally, key scientific and technological challenges, such as scalability, structural stability, and cost-effectiveness, are identified, and future research directions are proposed to advance the development and practical deployment of lignocellulosic aerogels in a sustainable bioeconomy.更多还原