【摘要】 高效率、差异化养老服务建立于对老龄群体差异化需求的认知基础之上。本文以广东省高校离退休老年人口为研究对象，通过问卷调查、统计分析及变异系数等方法，依据年龄、居住状态与空巢程度三种分类维度，深入分析各类养老困难人群分布特征及其内在联系，并识别具有显著差异性的分类方式，以期更精准地识别养老困难群体。研究发现：养老困难与年龄总体呈正相关，但在特定年龄段(65—74岁、80—84岁)呈现逆转；独居与机构养老者的困难程度显著高于与配偶或子女同住者；空巢程度与养老困难呈负相关，即空巢程度越高，自评困难程度反而越低。不同分类方式对识别特定类型困难具有差异化效用：居住状态是区分日常照料与就医困难的核心变量；年龄是辨识精神困扰的关键指标；而空巢程度则能有效反映经济压力的差异。这些发现挑战了“年龄决定论”的传统观点，强调了居住安排与空巢状态在理解老年人多维困境中的独立且关键的作用，为构建精准化养老支持体系提供了实证依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Efficient and differentiated elderly care services are built upon a cognitive foundation of understanding the heterogeneous needs of the aging population. Focusing on college and university retirees in Guangdong Province, this paper utilizes questionnaire surveys, statistical analysis, and variation coefficients to analyze the distribution patterns and interconnections of elderly care difficulties across three dimensions: age, living status, and empty-nest degree. It identifies significantly differentiated classification approaches to enable more precise identification of vulnerable elderly groups. Findings reveal that elderly care difficulties generally increase with age but reverse in specific cohorts(aged 65-74 and 80-84); individuals living alone or in institutions report significantly greater difficulties than those residing with spouses or children; contrary to expectations, empty-nest degree correlates negatively with self-reported difficulties, with higher empty-nest status associated with lower perceived hardship. Different classification methods exhibit differentiated utility in identifying specific types of difficulties: living status serves as the core variable for distinguishing daily care difficulties from medical care difficulties; age is the key indicator for identifying mental distress; the degree of empty-nest status effectively reflects variations in economic pressure. These findings challenge the traditional “age determinism” perspective, emphasizing the independent yet critical roles of living arrangements and empty-nest status in understanding the multidimensional predicaments of older adults, thereby providing empirical evidence for constructing precision-targeted elderly care support systems.更多还原