【摘要】 镓（Ga）作为典型的稀散金属，是半导体、光电子及新能源产业的重要战略资源。由于其“类质同象”这一赋存特征，镓难以形成独立矿物，主要伴生于铝土矿、煤、锌矿及工业副产物中，导致提取效率低、能耗高。本文系统综述了复杂介质中Ga(Ⅲ)的赋存形态、分离机制与绿色回收技术进展，构建了“分子识别—过程强化—流程集成—绿色评价”的系统性分析框架。从酸性与碱性体系的溶剂萃取、离子交换、吸附分离等方面阐明了Ga(Ⅲ)的配位行为与选择性机理，对典型的吸附材料/萃取剂进行了比较。进一步总结了基于MOF、COF、壳聚糖及生物质基材料的吸附分离策略及其构效关系。针对拜耳母液、赤泥等典型复杂体系，提出了“吸附—解吸—回收”短流程与“酸浸—萃取—电解”耦合流程的绿色化改进思路，并从能耗、药耗与碳排放维度建立了镓回收工艺的多指标绿色评价体系。最后，展望了智能响应材料、电场强化分离等前沿方向。该文可为镓资源的高效分离与清洁回收提供系统化理论支撑与工艺指导。更多还原

【Abstract】 Gallium(Ga), as a typical dispersed metal, is an indispensable strategic res ource for the semiconductor, optoelectronics, and new energy industries. Due to its unique "isomorphous" occurrence characteristics, gallium rarely forms independent deposits in nature and is primarily associated with bauxite, coal, zinc ores, and various industrial byproducts(such as Bayer process aluminum smelting solutions, red mud, and flue dust). This highly dispersed state leads to complex extraction processes, low recovery efficiency, and high energy consumption and costs, severely restricting its resource utilization. This paper systematically reviews the research progress on the chemical speciation, separation mechanisms, and green, efficient recovery technologies of trivalent gallium(Ga( Ⅲ)) in complex media. It establishes a comprehensive analytical framework encompassing "molecular recognition – process intensification – process integration – green assessment," aiming to provide a theoretical basis and technical pathways for the highly selective separation and clean recovery of gallium. The article first elucidates, at the molecular level, the coordination chemistry of Ga( Ⅲ) in different acidic and alkaline media and its selective separation mechanisms from impurity ions(such as Al( Ⅲ), Zn( Ⅱ), Fe( Ⅲ)). Focusing on mainstream techniques such as solvent extraction, ion exchange, and adsorption separation, it discusses in detail the structural characteristics of various extractants(such as organophosphorus types, hydroxamic acids) and adsorbent materials(such as functionalized resins, ion-imprinted polymers), along with their principles for selective recognition of Ga( Ⅲ). A comprehensive comparison of the separation performance, stability, and economic feasibility of typical materials/reagents is also provided. Furthermore, this paper systematically summarizes application strategies for novel functional materials— such as metal-organic frameworks(MOFs), covalent organic frameworks(COFs), chitosanbased composites, and biomass-derived adsorbents— in gallium adsorption and separation. It emphatically analyzes the structure-activity relationships between material functional groups, pore structures, surface properties, and their adsorption capacity, selectivity, and cyclic stability. For typical industrial systems with complex compositions and high impurity content, such as Bayer process liquor and red mud, this paper proposes integrated short-process designs like "adsorptiondesorption-recovery" and improved green process intensification ideas involving coupled techniques such as "acid leaching-extraction-electrolysis." These aim to enhance overall gallium recovery efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Building on this, from a full life-cycle perspective, this paper constructs a multi-dimensional green assessment system for gallium recovery processes, covering indicators such as energy consumption, chemical reagent consumption, water usage, and carbon emissions. This provides methodological support for evaluating and optimizing the environmental performance of different process routes. Finally, the article prospects emerging directions such as smart responsive materials and externally enhanced separation(such as electric or magnetic field-assisted processes), aiming to advance gallium recovery technologies toward higher efficiency, lower carbon footprint, and greater intelligence. By systematically reviewing the fundamental theories, material design, and process innovations in gallium separation and recovery, this paper aims to provide systematic theoretical support and practical technical guidance for the efficient, economical, and green recovery of gallium from complex resource systems, thereby contributing to the sustainable utilization of strategic dispersed metal resources.更多还原