【摘要】 施用农药是现代农业中防治农林业病虫草害、保障粮食生产安全的重要手段。然而，大量未被植物吸收利用的农药通过雨水冲刷、大气湿沉降、地表径流等途径进入水生生态系统，对水生生态系统的稳定性构成潜在威胁。本研究以农药的施用与残留现状为切入点，围绕农药诱发的生物体氧化应激、神经功能紊乱、内分泌系统失控、肠道微生物群落结构破坏等毒性作用机制，聚焦急性毒性、免疫应答、遗传与发育、神经功能及行为和激素调节等方面，多维度概述农药对藻类、水生无脊椎动物和鱼类等水生生物毒性效应的研究进展，并展望了未来农药研究的发展方向和重点领域，旨在为农药的生态风险评估和环境安全管理提供理论依据，减少农药对水生生物及生态环境的潜在风险。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pesticide application is an important means to control agricultural and forestry diseases, pests and weeds in modern agriculture and ensure the safety of grain production. However, a large number of pesticides that are not absorbed and utilized by plants enter the aquatic ecosystem through rainwater scouring, atmospheric wet deposition, surface runoff and other ways, posing a potential threat to the stability of the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, the application and residue status of pesticides were taken as the starting point, and the toxic mechanisms of oxidative stress, neurological dysfunction, endocrine system dysregulation, and intestinal microbial community structure destruction induced by pesticides were centered on. The acute toxicity, immune response, genetics and development, neurological function and behavior, and hormone regulation were focused on. The research progresses of toxic effects of pesticides on aquatic organisms such as algae, aquatic invertebrates, and fishes were summarized in multiple dimensions, and the development direction and key areas of pesticide research in the future were prospected. The purpose of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for ecological risk assessment and environmental safety management of pesticides, and to reduce the potential risks of pesticides to aquatic organisms and the ecological environment.更多还原