【摘要】 巨核细胞和肝细胞在哺乳动物中具有独特性，它们在终末分化过程中通过核内有丝分裂实现多倍体化。许多多倍体化的调控因子和潜在机制已被报道，其中大多数与发育、器官发生和细胞分化紧密相关。然而，核内有丝分裂的本质尚未完全阐明，该过程包括成功进入和退出有丝分裂而不发生完全的胞质分裂。本文强调，核内有丝分裂是细胞周期中一种新的细胞命运，而四倍体阶段则是细胞命运决定的关键时期。本文综述了该领域的最新研究进展，并为细胞如何操控有丝分裂以实现核内有丝分裂提供了新见解，即核内有丝分裂细胞能够规避四倍体检查点的限制，继续进行多次全基因组加倍。这些发现不仅加深了我们对核内有丝分裂作为一种基本生物学过程的理解，还为多倍体化的生理和病理学意义提供了新的视角。更多还原

【Abstract】 Megakaryocytes and hepatocytes are unique cells in mammals that undergo polyploidization through endomitosis in terminal differentiation. Many polyploidization regulators and underlying mechanisms have been reported, most of which are tightly coupled with development, organogenesis, and cell differentiation. However, the nature of endomitosis, which involves successful entry into and exit from mitosis without complete cytokinesis, has not yet been fully elucidated. We highlight that endomitosis is a new cell fate in the cell cycle, and tetraploidy is a critical stage at the bifurcation of cell fate decision. This review summarizes the recent research progress in this area and provides novel insights into how cells manipulate mitosis toward endomitosis. Endomitotic cells can evade the tetraploidy restrictions and proceed to multiple rounds of the cell cycle. This knowledge not only deepens our understanding of endomitosis as a fundamental biological process but also offers new perspectives on the physiological and pathophysiological implications of polyploidization.更多还原