【摘要】 熔池熔炼技术在铜、镍、铅、锡、锌等有色金属的提炼领域优势巨大，具有物料适应性强、金属回收率高、熔炼效果强等优点。由于该工艺涉及熔池内部复杂的气液两相流动、传热及传质等过程缺乏理论指导，导致实际生产中暴露出炉体寿命缩短、熔池搅拌效果欠佳、熔体飞溅现象严重，以及喷枪和耐火内衬损耗大等问题，阻碍了熔池熔炼技术的进一步发展和优化。系统综述了有色金属熔池熔炼工艺技术的现状与发展，介绍了传统的熔池熔炼技术和现代的熔池熔炼技术的应用与发展，对比分析了传统熔池熔炼与现代熔池熔炼技术的优劣势。还介绍了数值模拟在有色金属熔池熔炼工艺领域的应用，从顶吹-侧吹-底吹过程强化研究、熔池熔炼数值模拟两个方面，总结了有色金属熔池熔炼过程强化领域的最新研究进展，并展望了未来的发展趋势。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, bath smelting technology has garnered widespread attention due to its strong adaptability to raw materials, high metal recovery rates, and superior smelting efficiency. This technology has demonstrated exceptional performance in the smelting of non-ferrous metals such as copper, lead, zinc, aluminum, and tin. By intensifying gas flow to accelerate the melting process, it simultaneously enables the recovery of volatile pollutants. However, traditional bath smelting processes involve complex gas-liquid two-phase flow, heat transfer, and mass transfer phenomena within the molten bath. The lack of theoretical guidance has led to practical challenges, including shortened furnace lifespan, inadequate bath stirring, severe melt splashing, and significant wear of lances and refractory linings, hindering further development and optimization of this technology. With the rise of numerical simulation methods, the integration of bath smelting technology and computational modeling has become a key research direction in metallurgy. This approach not only optimizes process flows, reduces energy consumption, and improves metal recovery rates, but also exhibits significant advantages in environmental protection.This paper first reviews the current status and development of bath smelting technology for non-ferrous metals. By injecting oxygen-enriched air or pure oxygen into the molten bath, the technology enhances gas-liquid-solid reaction kinetics, significantly improving mass and heat transfer efficiency. Subsequently, the applications and advancements of traditional and modern bath smelting techniques were discussed, along with an analysis of their respective strengths and weaknesses. Representative examples, such as reverberatory furnace smelting and blast furnace smelting, were introduced to illustrate their fundamental principles and inherent limitations. Reverberatory furnace smelting offers advantages such as flexible fuel selection, simple operation, and mature technology, yet its heat transfer efficiency remains low(25%–30%). Additionally, the weak oxidative atmosphere in the furnace results in inefficient solid-liquid reactions, with desulfurization rates as low as 25%. In contrast, closed blast furnace smelting employs a sealed design to precisely control the furnace atmosphere, reduce harmful emissions and improve metal recovery. While this process optimizes metal-impurity separation through controlled redox conditions, it suffers from high equipment complexity, substantial capital costs, and stringent operational requirements.Furthermore, the application of numerical simulation in non-ferrous metal bath smelting was explored, and recent advancements in process intensification were summarized from several perspectives: top-blown, side-blown, and bottomblown smelting, as well as numerical modeling of bath smelting processes. Top-blown bath smelting involves injecting high-speed gas or gas-solid mixtures into the molten bath from the top, enhancing convective motion, promoting multiphase mixing, and regulating temperature distribution. Numerical simulations of this process elucidate heat and mass transfer mechanisms among gas-liquid-solid phases, thereby improving reaction efficiency. Side-blown bath smelting utilizes multiple lateral lances to inject high-speed gas into the melt, intensifying agitation for uniform material distribution and rapid melting, which enhances phase separation efficiency. Numerical analysis of lance parameters provides theoretical insights for optimizing process conditions. Bottom-blown smelting introduces oxygen-enriched gas through double-layered bottom lances, forming a distinctive mushroom-shaped flow field. Simulations reveal bubble size distribution and breakup behavior under steady-state conditions, ultimately determining optimal process parameters, with validation provided by hydraulic modeling. Finally, future research directions in bath smelting technology were discussed, emphasizing the potential of numerical simulation to drive further innovations in efficiency, sustainability, and process control.更多还原