【摘要】 太赫兹(Terahertz,THz)辐射具有高穿透性、低能量特性以及独特的指纹谱特性，在无损检测、生物医学成像、安全检查和通信等领域具有广泛应用前景。传统THz成像系统受限于较长的波长及波段内缺乏高透射率天然材料的限制，其在分辨率和灵敏度方面存在显著不足，难以满足高精度与痕量检测的技术需求。超表面由亚波长尺度的结构单元构成，可通过对电磁波相位、振幅及偏振的调控，实现对THz波传播的精确控制，突破传统光学系统的衍射极限，为THz超分辨率成像提供了解决思路。本文综述了超表面在THz超分辨率成像中的最新研究进展，重点阐述了多种超表面结构类型的设计原理及应用表现。共振结构通过在特定频率下的局域场增强实现高对比度成像；梯度相位结构通过相位渐变实现THz波的精确引导；多层超表面则依托叠层设计实现对相位与振幅的复杂调控；亚波长光栅凭借精细的波前控制能力在超分辨率成像中表现出优越性能；而超材料反射阵列则在无需透镜的条件下实现高分辨率的波前调制。探讨了实现高效THz超表面的关键设计要素，包括结构设计策略、材料选取及相位与振幅的精确调控方法，并分析了优化设计与新型材料在提升THz成像性能及拓展其应用范围方面的潜力。此外，针对当前THz成像中超表面技术面临的制造工艺复杂性、系统兼容性不足及材料响应限制等挑战，提出了未来的研究方向，主要包括：一是开发新型低损耗材料，以提升THz波的传输效率和相位控制能力；二是结合人工智能，优化超表面的设计和性能；三是推动系统集成与微型化，开发便携式THz成像设备，拓展其在高精度成像、医疗诊断和安全检查等领域的应用。随着新材料、智能设计和微型化技术的不断进步，THz超表面技术有望在未来实现更广泛的应用，推动高精度成像和便携式设备的普及，为科学探索和工业创新开辟新的可能性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Terahertz(THz) radiation, characterized by high penetrability, low energy, and unique fingerprint spectra, has extensive applications in nondestructive testing, biomedical imaging, security screening, and communications. However, traditional THz imaging systems are constrained by the long wavelength of THz waves and the scarcity of natural materials with high transmittance in this spectral range, resulting in limitations in resolution and sensitivity. These shortcomings hinder their ability to meet the technological demands of high-precision and trace-level detection.Metasurfaces, composed of subwavelength-scale structural units, enable precise control of THz wave propagation by modulating electromagnetic waves’ phase, amplitude, and polarization. This capability allows them to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional optical systems, offering a viable solution for THz super-resolution imaging. This paper reviews the latest advancements in THz super-resolution imaging using metasurfaces, focusing on various structural types’ design principles and application performance. Resonant structures enhance local fields at specific frequencies, enabling high-contrast imaging. Gradient-phase structures guide THz waves with precision through phase gradients. Multilayer metasurfaces leverage stacked-layer designs to achieve complex phase and amplitude modulation. Subwavelength gratings offer superior wavefront control, improving super-resolution imaging. Meanwhile, metamaterial reflective arrays achieve high-resolution wavefront modulation without needing lenses. Key design considerations for high-efficiency THz metasurfaces include structural design strategies, material selection, and precise phase and amplitude modulation techniques. The potential of optimized designs and novel materials in enhancing THz imaging performance and expanding its applications is also analyzed. Future research directions are proposed to address existing challenges in THz metasurface technology, such as complex fabrication processes, limited system compatibility, and material response constraints. These include:(1) developing novel low-loss materials to improve transmission efficiency and phase control;(2) integrating artificial intelligence to optimize metasurface design and performance; and(3) advancing system integration and miniaturization to facilitate the development of portable THz imaging devices for applications in high-precision imaging, medical diagnostics, and security screening. With continuous progress in new materials, intelligent design methodologies, and miniaturization technologies, THz metasurfaces are expected to achieve broader applications. Their advancement will drive the widespread adoption of high-precision imaging and portable devices, fostering new opportunities for scientific discovery and industrial innovation.更多还原