【摘要】 海洋环境中大量的污损生物附着在金属表面，会加速金属材料的腐蚀过程，对海水设施造成巨大破坏，并对环境和安全造成危害。制备防污涂层是防止生物污损的一种经济有效且环保的方法。本文总结了防污涂层制备常用的材料，包括非金属基材料、金属基材料、聚合物以及复合材料。非金属基材料有着良好的机械性能和低毒性，但抗菌性能比金属基材料弱；金属基材料具有高抗菌性能，但同时对非目标生物有一定影响；聚合物材料无毒且具有良好的生物相容性，易于添加不同的官能团进行反应和修饰以得到需要的性能，但力学和抗菌性能较弱；复合材料兼具不同材料的优势，有着较高的化学可调性和抗菌性能，应用前景较好。介绍了海洋防污涂层的制备方法，包括溶胶-凝胶法、电化学沉积法、物理气相沉积和化学气相沉积等，对比了各种方法的应用条件、特点和应用实例等。其中电化学沉积技术无需高温高压，有着在常温下制备超疏水涂层的优势，研究较为广泛。更多还原

【Abstract】 Marine organisms attached to metal surfaces accelerate the corrosion of metal materials. This causes significant damage to seawater facilities and poses threats to the environment and safety. The preparation of antifouling coatings is an economical, effective, and environmentally friendly method to prevent biofouling. This paper summarizes commonly used materials for antifouling coatings, including non-metallic materials, metallic materials, polymers, and composite materials. Non-metallic materials have good mechanical properties and low toxicity, but their antibacterial performance is weaker than that of metallic materials. Metallic materials are highly toxic, giving them strong antibacterial properties, but they also affect non-target organisms. Polymers are non-toxic, biocompatible, and easy to add different functional groups to achieve desired properties, but their mechanical and antibacterial properties are relatively weak. Composite materials combine the advantages of different materials, offering high chemical adjustability and good antibacterial performance, with promising application prospects. This paper also discusses various preparation methods for marine antifouling coatings, including sol-gel, electrochemical deposition, PVD, and CVD. It compares the application conditions, characteristics, and examples of these methods. Among them, electrochemical deposition does not require high temperature or pressure, making it advantageous for preparing superhydrophobic coatings at room temperature, and is widely studied.更多还原