【摘要】 低温是植物面临的主要环境胁迫因子之一，对植物的光合能力产生一定影响，从而不利于其生长发育。本文从低温胁迫下植物的细胞解剖结构、细胞膜透性、渗透调节物质和光合碳同化变化等方面，综述了低温对植物叶片光合特性的影响。细胞解剖结构方面，低温胁迫可能导致植物叶肉组织栅栏/海绵结构比例失衡、叶绿体结构损伤；细胞膜透性方面，低温胁迫造成大量电解质外渗，丙二醛和活性氧累积，导致细胞膜发生脂质过氧化，通过提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）等抗氧化酶活性以维持活性氧平衡；渗透调节物质方面，低温胁迫可诱导脯氨酸、可溶性糖/蛋白等渗透调节物质动态积累，以保证植物光合性能；光合碳同化方面，低温胁迫降低了植物叶绿素含量及核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶/加氧酶（Rubisco）活性，引起小麦净光合速率（Pn）和胞间CO₂浓度（Ci）等光合参数变化，而磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶（PEPC）能够固定低浓度CO₂，以补偿Rubisco活性下降带来的光合损失。综上，本文为解析植物低温响应机制和提升低温胁迫下植物叶片光合性能提供参考。更多还原

【Abstract】 Low temperature is one of the major environmental stress factors affecting plants, exerting significant influence on photosynthetic capacity and thereby hindering plant growth and development. The impact of low temperature stress on the photosynthetic mechanisms in plant leaves was summarized, focusing on changes in cellular anatomical structure, cell membrane permeability, osmoregulatory substances, and photosynthetic carbon assimilation.In terms of cellular anatomical structure, low temperature stress may disrupt the palisade/spongy tissue ratio in mesophyll cells and damage chloroplast ultrastructure. Regarding cell membrane permeability, low temperature stress induces electrolyte leakage, along with the accumulation of malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species, leading to membrane lipid peroxidation. Plants counteract this by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase（SOD） to maintain ROS homeostasis. Concerning osmoregulatory substances, low temperature stress triggers the dynamic accumulation of proline, soluble sugars, and proteins to sustain photosynthetic performance. In photosynthetic carbon assimilation, low temperature stress reduces chlorophyll content and the activity of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase（Rubisco）, altering key photosynthetic parameters such as net photosynthetic rate（Pn） and intercellular CO₂ concentration（Ci）. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase（PEPC） compensates for the decline in Rubisco activity by fixing low-concentration CO₂, thereby mitigating photosynthetic losses. In conclusion, this article provides a reference for analyzing the mechanism of plants’ response to low temperatures and improving the photosynthetic performance of plant leaves under low temperature stress conditions.更多还原