【摘要】 随着2024年《国家公园法(草案)》的审议，中国国家公园立法进程加速推进。全球国家公园运动中，原住民治理经历了从排斥到包容的转型，逐步承认了原住民价值，推动其在生态保护、文化传承与可持续发展中发挥积极作用。我国国家公园原有居民具有人口规模庞大，社区类型复杂多样，土地权属与权利行使多主体交织，基础设施薄弱且改善需求突出，深受传统文化与生态哲学积极影响等特殊性与复杂性，原有居民治理成效是衡量国家公园体制建设成败的关键。在辩证把握生态保护、绿色发展与民生改善三者关系的基础上，将原有居民责权利定义为“原有居民在履行生态保护责任下，所拥有的自身发展与参与决策的权利，以及所享有的物质与精神收益”。在强调清晰阐述、对等界定的原则下，对原有居民责权利在《国家公园法》中的充分表达提出建议：强化“保护第一、天人大美”特征、清晰界定各政府部门职责、完整涵盖多利益相关主体，以及持续跟进政策制定与执行。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the first read of the Draft National Park Act in 2024, China′s national park legislation is advancing rapidly. Globally, the governance of indigenous peoples in national parks has evolved from exclusion to inclusion, while their value and active role in ecological conservation, cultural inheritance, and sustainable development has been gradually recognized. China′s original residents in national parks are characterized by large populations, diverse community types, complex land tenure and multi-stakeholder rights, weak infrastructure and pressing urgent improvement needs. They are also significantly influenced by traditional culture and ecological philosophy. The effectiveness of original resident governance is key to determining the success of the national park system. Based on a dialectical understanding of the relationship between ecological conservation, green development, and livelihood improvement, the rights, responsibilities, and rewards of original residents should be defined as “their rights as development and participation in decision-making, as well as the material and spiritual benefits they enjoy, under the premise of fulfilling ecological conservation responsibilities.” Following the principles of clear articulation and equitable definition, this study proposes recommendations for fully expressing the rights, responsibilities, and rewards of original residents in the National Park Act: strengthening the principle of “conservation first and harmony between humanity and nature”, clearly defining government responsibilities, improving mechanisms for multi-stakeholder inclusion, and ensuring the ongoing refinement and implementation of policies.更多还原