【摘要】 气候变化速率在日尺度和季节尺度上表现出差异性，并且呈现出非均匀增温的特点。特别是在北半球中高纬度地区，夜间的升温速度超过白天，而冬季的升温速度超过夏季。准确评估非均匀增温对陆地生态系统结构和功能的影响，是全球变化研究领域一项重大挑战。论文通过文献综述，系统地分析了冬季非均匀增温、积雪变化以及光周期对春季植被物候特征的影响，同时探讨了这种影响存在的物种特异性、地理位置异质性以及季节补偿效应。研究认为，当前对非均匀增温影响的研究在观测实验能力方面存在明显不足，对光照、温度和水分耦合作用的理解和认识尚不充分，且模型模拟能力有待提高。因此，未来研究应重视开发新型观测和实验方法，例如精心设计控制实验，以深入探究温带地区光照、温度和水分对植物物候的潜在调控机制。这将有助于加强对非均匀增温影响机制的认识和理解，并将这些影响因素纳入模型模拟中，从而提升对季节性气候变化如何塑造植被动态过程的认知和理解。更多还原

【Abstract】 The rate of climate change exhibits differences at daily and seasonal scales and is characterized by non-uniform warming. Particularly in the mid to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the rate of warming at night surpasses that during the day, and the rate of warming in winter exceeds that in summer. Accurately assessing the impact of non-uniform warming on the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems represents a significant challenge in the field of global change research. This article, through a literature review,systematically analyzed the effects of non-uniform warming in winter, changes in snow metrics, and variations in photoperiod on the phenological characteristics of spring vegetation. It also discussed factors such as species specificity, geographic location heterogeneity, and seasonal compensation effects. The research indicated that seasonal changes in temperate regions have a significant impact on vegetation phenological cycle, but existing studies have shortcomings in observation experiments, mechanism understanding, and model simulation.Although controlled experiments are helpful for studying the effects of meteorological factors on vegetation,they may not fully reflect the natural conditions. Remote sensing monitoring provides a macroscopic perspective, but its data accuracy is limited by many factors, and it is difficult to capture subtle phenological changes. Ground observations provide valuable information for climate science, but the distribution of observation sites is sparse and the data uncertainty is large. In terms of the mechanism of impact, the interactions of light, temperature, and water and their effects on phenology are not fully understood, and the carry-over lag effect between seasons is not well understood either. In terms of model simulation, it is difficult to parameterize the plant phenology model, the study of parameter thresholds is insufficient, and the influence of other biotic and abiotic factors is not fully considered. These challenges limit the accuracy of predictions of plant phenological changes. Therefore, future research is needed to develop novel observational experimental methods to accurately distinguish plant responses under different environmental conditions and to validate model predictions under more natural conditions. This includes improving warming experiments, accounting for the effects of nighttime warming, and encouraging research based on global field observations. It is also necessary to strengthen the understanding of the mechanism of influence of non-uniform warming, especially the light, heat, and water requirements of spring phenology, and the complex effects of winter and spring warming on leaf phenology. In addition, research should focus on fall phenological processes and the risk of late spring frost. In terms of modeling, non-uniform warming and its associated impacts need to be incorporated into models to improve the ability to predict the response of temperate ecosystems to climate change. This includes precise measurements of the onset of ecological dormanism in trees, combined with physiological studies, and consideration of seasonal climate change effects on carbon sequestration and cycling in terrestrial ecosystem models. At the same time, the impact of seasonal snowfall should be considered and the understanding of photoperiodic effects should be deepened to assess the potential impacts of climate warming on terrestrial ecosystems, thereby enhancing our comprehension of the impacts of climate change on vegetation at the seasonal scale.更多还原