【摘要】 "草牧业"是在传统畜牧业和草业基础上提升的新型生态草畜产业,包含饲草料生产、加工以及畜禽养殖(含加工)三个生产过程,其精髓在于"草-畜结合""草-畜协调""草-畜互为依存、不可分割".草牧业试图解决长期困扰我国饲草料生产和畜牧业发展中的草畜矛盾、草畜"两张皮"的问题,强调饲草料(广义的牧草、饲草,包括饲用作物和饲用木本植物)在畜牧业发展中的基础和决定作用;与传统畜牧业相比,它具有明显的科学性、生态性和先进性.本文在简述草牧业内涵及其意义的基础上,论述了我国草牧业发展中存在的关键科技问题及其解决的途径;提出了发展草牧业应遵循的8个基本原理,即草畜良种选育原理、人工草地建植原理、天然草地保护恢复与适度利用原理、草地的生产功能和生态功能合理配置原理、饲草高效收获与加工原理、畜禽高效饲喂原理、水分有效利用原理以及区域系统发展原理,它们构成了草牧业发展的科学基础.为了践行"草牧业"理念,在内蒙古呼伦贝尔农垦集团开展了草牧业试验示范工作,取得了显著的生态和经济效益.更多还原

【Abstract】 Grassland is the largest area of territorial ecosystems in China,and accounts for more than 30%of the total national land area.Primarily located in the north part and as the homeland of most ethnic minorities,the grassland region is critical for ecological safety and the national security of the country.Furthermore,grassland provides nearly one-third of the country total red meat and dairy products,respectively,and is important for national healthy food supply.Yet,it is believed that a large proportion of China’s grasslands has been degraded or desertified at various degrees because of overgrazing,increased population,mining,farming activities,and climate change.To achieve grassland sustainable development,new concepts and technological advancement are required to tackle the degradation challenges and to balance the relationships between"ecological civilization,sustainable production and better living standard".For this purpose,we proposed the concept of"Grass-based Livestock Husbandry"(abbreviated as GLi H concept),which defines ecologically-sound management of grass-fed livestock and includes three production systems:forage cultivation,forage processing,and livestock management and processing.This paper documents contents and significance of the GLi H concept,and discusses key scientific and technical issues in the development of grass-based livestock husbandry and their possible solutions.The key of the concept is the coupling and coherent development of an inter-dependent"grass-livestock relationship".In the GLi H concept,"grasses"(including various perennial and annual grass and shrub species)are considered as the foundation of"livestock"and provides an explanation for the long-standing frustration in China’s livestock farming industry,in which for years forage production has been totally neglected.GLi H also emphasizes the dual(productional and ecological)function of the grassland and proposes to manage the grassland regions according to the"small vs.big"theory,i.e.,to allocate a small area of resources-rich land for cultivation of forage crops with high biomass and high quality to protect the vast but fragile grasslands away from over-grazing and over-exploitation,as such to secure the demand of the animal feed supplies as well as to allow the grassland to make its ecological functioning.We also propose eight principles for the development of grass-based livestock husbandry,including grass breeding,artificial grassland farming,conservation and better use of natural grassland,rational allocation between grass production and ecological functioning,efficient harvesting and processing,efficient feeding of livestock,efficient use of natural resources,and systems development.To verify the GLi H concept,a large scale pilot project of"Development of Experimental Zone for Sustainable Management of Grass-based Livestock Systems"has been implemented,in collaboration with Hulun Buir State Farm Conglomerate,and the project has achieved a big success ecologically and economically.更多还原