【摘要】 "瘟疫何以肆虐"的问题,既与环境史相关,亦与医疗社会史不可分,但并不能用其中任何一者涵盖之;由此,我们提出"医疗环境史"的概念,以黑死病为个案,围绕瘟疫本身进行环境分析。在14世纪英国的聚落环境中,传染源普遍存在,鼠、蚤、人紧密共存,便于瘟疫的传播;交通运输的便利,利于瘟疫的跨聚落和跨地区流传;落后的医疗防治水平不能阻止瘟疫的肆虐,甚至会因不合理的举措而适得其反。上述病发、流传和应对环境还存在地区性的差异,从而导致瘟疫肆虐程度之不同。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Topic of "Why did the Plagues devastate" is related with environmental history and medical-social history, but neither research field can covered such topic completely. Therefore, we propose the concept of "medical- environmental history" and conduct an environmental analysis around the plague itself, taking the Black Death as a case study. The settlement environment of Medieval times provided the conditions for the exist of the infectious source, as well as the close coexistence of rats, fleas and people. Such phenomenon facilitated the rapid spread of the plagues. The convenient transport created the conditions for the acceleration of the plagues’ inter-settlement and trans-regional spread. The backward medical prevention and treatment could not stop the ravages of the plagues and even went to the wrong way in light of the unreasonable efforts. The disease’s occurrence, spread and response to the different environments of the different regions, would lead to the varying degrees of the devastation.更多还原