【摘要】 从文武官职的角度看,"军将"、"武臣"、"武将"在魏晋南北朝时期主要用来泛指军事行动中的各级统帅,多与地方行政官职构成文武之别,但"军将"一词北魏后内涵有所扩展,亦指中央与地方军队的统帅。"文官"与"武官"之称从东汉开始普及,主要用以区分中央官职。两汉存在"文吏"与"武吏"的对举,所指侧重地方的基层吏员集团。从文武群体的角度来看,汉代以后,从军队出身、以武功扬名者渐渐被视为一个群体,该群体常被称作"武士"、"武夫"、"武人"、"武将",他们多具有善战强悍、学识浅薄、不闲吏职等比较固定的特征。文人群体常被称为"文吏"、"儒生"、"文士"、"文人"、"学士",尽管诸词所指人群掌握的知识不尽相同,但它们都和武人群体相区别,强调其不长武事的特征。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the Wei,Jin,and Southern and Northern Dynasties,in view of military and civilian positions,generals,military officers and warriors were used for different marshals,which differed from local administrators,however,generals had wider meanings in that they also meant central and local marshals.Designations of civil servants and military officers became popular in the Eastern Han Dynasty,mainly for distinguishing central government officials.In the Eastern and Western Han Dynasties,civilian and military officials were of symmetrical positions,special emphasis was laid on clerical officials.After Han Dynasty,those,who were originally army officials and famous for their military achievements,were gradually classified into groups of knights,soldiers,martial military men and warriors,typical of bravery,little knowledge and incapability for official positions.On the other hand,civilian groups were named for legalist officials,civil officials of Confucian scholars,men of letters and scholars,although different titles meant they had mastered more or less knowledge,they were characteristic of not being good at military,different from military officials.更多还原