【摘要】 本文对遐、远、迩、近四个词在上古文献中的使用情况和"迩–近"的替换过程作了描写,为上古汉语基本词的历时替换提供了一个实例。在此基础上讨论了四个问题:(1)关于"遐"的性质。"遐"与"远"的关系不同于"迩"与"近","遐迩"在上古并未形成过最佳反义词,这与一般的印象很不相同。(2)上古汉语的内部差异。上古早期和晚期,语言面貌(尤其是词汇)差别甚大,汉语词汇史领域里的常用词演变研究对上古汉语同样需要关注。(3)从基本词的时代差异推测文献的相对年代。"迩"和"近"在《逸周书》各篇中的使用差异可供判断各篇成书年代时参考。(4)替换的动因和机制。迄今为止,我们对此仍然知之甚少。"近"替换"迩"也许跟同音词有关。更多还原

【Abstract】 This paper,as the title indicates,is concerned with sketching and analyzing the distribution of Xia (遐),Er(迩),Yuan(远),and Jin(近),both philologically and linguistically,in Archaic Chinese according to investigation of corpus,and then lays stress on when and how Jin(近) replaced Er(迩) diachronically,which provides a case study of the diachronic replacement of basic vocabulary in Archaic Chinese. Based on the above investigations,the author proposes four issues for discussion,as follows:(1) What is the property of Xia(遐)? Different from previous impression remarkably,this paper shows that the relationship between Xia(遐) and Yuan(远) differs from the one between Er(迩) and Jin(近),furthermore,Xia(遐) and Er(迩) do not match up pretty well as members of conventionalized antonym pairings. (2) Archaic Chinese makes a remarkable intra-difference from a diachronic perspective. As it has been noticed,Archaic Chinese indicates internal change characteristically,especially on lexicon,as it developed from the early to later period. Therefore,it is worth paying as much attention to the research of basic vocabulary replacement as other fields,such as phonology and syntax. (3) Relying on a detailed investigation of diachronic change of basic vocabulary,it’s feasible to judge when some specific documents,containing these lexical items,were written or compiled. The synchronically internal diversity between the distribution of Er(迩) and Jin(近) in Yi Zhou Shu(逸周书) could help us make a more precise decision about its formed period. (4) How do the mechanism and the motivation of basic vocabulary replacement work? It is still a hard stone for us to make a further step till now,however,considering the replacement of Er(迩) by Jin(近),I would propose that it happens,to some extent,as a result of distinguishing among homophones.更多还原