【摘要】 在中国的明清时期,自16世纪40年代至19世纪20年代的280年间,在海上对外贸易中,有大量白银流入中国。通过对前人文献的整理和分析,可以得出一个粗略的结论:在上述时期,通过海上对外贸易流入中国的白银数量约有6亿两。流入的日本白银约2亿两,其中约1/3通过中日直接贸易输入,2/3为转口贸易输入。流入美洲白银约4亿两,其中,经由马尼拉流入的及经由欧洲和美国流入的各约2亿两。这一数量似乎很大,但实际上,尚少于清末对欧洲列强和日本的战争赔款总量,加上清末通过贸易和外国直接投资流出的白银,在包括清末的全部明清时期,中国不但没有白银的净流入,反而有净流出。更多还原

【Abstract】 A large amount of silver flew into China in the foreign trade by sea in the 280 years from 1540s to 1820s in the Ming and Qing Dynasties in China.A rough conclusion can be reached from literature review and analysis that the inflow of silver into China through foreign trade by sea in the above-mentioned period amounted to 600 million liang.The silver inflow from Japan amounted to 200 million liang,1/3 of which was through direct trade between China and Japan,while 2/3 through carrying trade.The silver inflow from America amounted to 400 million liang,among which half was through Manila and half through Europe and the United States.The amount was sort of huge;however,it was in fact smaller than China’s war reparations to European countries and Japan.In the whole Ming and Qing Dynasties(including the end of Wing Dynasty),concerning the reparations and the silver outflow through trade and foreign direct investment,China did not have net silver inflow;instead,there was a net silver outflow.更多还原