【摘要】 <正> 褐头山雀(Parus montanus baicalensis Swinhoe)是重要森林益鸟,数量较多,分布亦较广。关于它的繁殖生态和食性等方面的研究,国外有过零星报道,国内几属空白。鉴于此,笔者于1963—1965年,在长白山北坡12个工作点,跨4个垂直植被带,按阶段进行了近乎年生活史的调查;1979年6—9月,在某些方面又做了一些补充观察。 工作方法 数量是采用线路统计法;对其产卵、孵化及雏鸟生长发育的观察,是创用在洞口下方适宜位置开“活窗”法;对于换羽的研究,是采取在换羽期,逐日猎获标本检查法;对于食性的研究,是采用野外直接观察和剖胃分析法。结果如下。更多还原

【Abstract】 Willow tits (Pans montanus baicalensis Swinhoe) are important insect-eating birds in Changbai Shang Mountains,Jilin province.Studies on their breeding ecology and feeding habits were carried out during the years 1963-1965 and from June to September,1979.Results obtained may be summarized as follows.1.Willow tits are resident at Changbai Shang Mountains,being distributed mainly in the cold-temperate coniferos forest zone (an altitude of 1,100-1,800m.).2.The great majority of them made their nests in holes which are cut by them on the dried tree pales or standing poles with rotten hollow.The nests are found at an average (11 nests) elevation of 4.4m (1.17-17.2m.) from the ground.The tree holes is about 3.1-3.6 em.in diameter.Holes-chiseling is carried out by both parents,but ncstbuilding is carried out by females alone.It takes 11-14 days.3.Only one clutch is laid every year.The number of eggs (5 clutches) of every clutch is 6-10.An egg is laid each day,in the morning between 4:00-5:00.The eggs are oval in shape and white in colour,with many red-brown spots.33 eggs average 16.8(16.4-17.1)×13(12-13.5) mm.,in size;average 1.4(1.2-1.7) gms,in weight.4.The female alone is responsible for the incubation.Incubation of eggs lasts for about 14-15 days.The percentage of hatching average (3 clutches) 93.3 %,5.Both the male and female share in feeding the young.They make on the average of 173 (140-250) visits to the nest per day.The young birds are fed for 15-16 days before leaving the nest.During this period,their body lengths average 63.3 (66-66.5) mm.,and body weights average 11.7 gms.The young birds increase about 2.3 times in length and 6.5 times in weight,as compared with the young at the time of hatching.The percentage of the birds alive averages (3 clutches) 97.5%.6.The whole moult of the old birds is,proceeding from the beginning of July to the end of September,and begins firstly with the feathers of the wing and tail.7.The insects constitute 84.2% of the foods taken by the old birds and 100 % by the young.Among the insects,90 % are pests of forests,hence the willow tits are beneficial birds of the forest.更多还原