【摘要】 在中国为害水稻較重的螟虫已知有6种,以三化螟 Tryporyza incertulas (Wlk.)最为重要,分布于我国中南部稻区。本文阐述了气候、食料、水稻栽培制度和生物等因素对三化螟种群数量变动的影响,并指出作为螟虫食料的水稻及其栽培制度的作用更为明显。研究証明,三化螟的产卵、侵入、成活、繁殖和为害都与水稻的生育期有密切关系,水稻的分蘖期及孕穗期,都是水稻最易受害的生育期,在这两个时期被害,会造成枯心或白穗;而秧田期、移植至回青期、圓稈期和成熟期都对螟虫不利。螟虫的发生基数和生活环境条件,密切影响种群数量的变动,而这些都受水稻栽培制度的影响。发生基数决定于春季螟虫的有效虫源,其数量的大小对当年的螟虫,尤其对第一、二代的发生量有密切关系。螟害程度主要决定于:(1)种群数量和(2)水稻最易受害的生育期与螟虫盛发期配合程度的综合作用。为了加強防治,各地区必须因地制宜,利用耕作栽培措施,一方面尽可能消灭虫源、压低发生基数、控制以后各代螟虫的发生;另一方面力求改进栽培技术、調节水稻生育期,恶化螟虫的生活条件,避免或減輕螟害。化学防治也是治螟的一項重要措施。目前广泛应用的药剂是6％丙体六六六,每亩用量在防治枯心时为1.5斤,防治白穗为2斤。主要的施药方法为泼浇和撒毒土,两者对防治枯心的效果都很好;撒毒土防治白穗的效果虽稍差,但操作簡便易行。在螟虫发生期內,适值分蘖和孕穗的水稻田一般都要施药;但預测螟害低于1％的田块,可不防治。防治枯心的施药适期一般在孵化高峯前1—2天天开始,如虫量很大,要提前到盛孵始期用药。防治白穗的施药适期是:在蚁螟盛孵前孕穗的水稻,普通在盛孵始期开始施药;蚁螟盛孵后孕穗的水稻,在孕穗始期开始用药。稻螟是我国长期以来的一种严重害虫,解放前因螟害常年損失稻谷10％以上。解放后,在党和政府的領导下,科学技术有了显著的进展,治螟工作貫彻了“防治并举、以防为主”的方針,“以农业防治为基础,重点使用药剂綜合防治”的策略;采用了准确的預测預报;开展了群众性的防治活动,基本上控制了螟虫的危害,1663年的螟害率已压低到2％左右,不少地区已降低到1％以下。这都是在总路线、大跃进、人民公社三面紅旗光輝照耀下,領导、技术人員、群众三結合所取得的成果的更多还原

【Abstract】 Six species of stem-borers injurious to rice plant have been hitherto known from China. The paddy borer, Tryporyza incertulas (Walker), does the greatest damage and is distributed in the principal rice area in Central and South China. The main factors influencing the fluctuation of population include climate, food, cropping system and biotic factors, among which rice as a food plant and its cropping system play a more marked role. In has been proven that the infestation, survival, reproduction and the degree of damage done are closely related to the growth stages of rice. The tillering and booting stages are advantageous to this pest, while the seedling, transplanting to rejuvenating, prebooting, and ripening stages are disadvantageous. The initial population and living conditions of the paddy borer have a very profound in- fluence on the subsequent changes of the population, and both of which are affected by the cropping system of rice. The size of initial population is determined by the effective pest sources in spring, and has a close bearing on the population size of the current year, especially the first and the second generations. The degree of borer damage depends upon the growth stage of rice plants during the prevailing period of larval hatching and also the population size of the borers. In different regions, it is necessary to utilize as much as possible the cultural practices to eliminate the sources of infestation, repress the initial population and prevent the epidemic of the later generations. Moreover, it is important also to improve cultural practices, regulate the growth stage of rice and deteriorate the living conditions of the paddy borer in order to avoid or reduce borer injury. Chemical control plays also an important role in paddy borer control. The insecticide commonly used now is 6% γ BHC. The effective dosage is 1.5 carries~* per mow to prevent dead hearts and 2 catties each mow in preventing white heads. The essential methods used to apply BHC for borer control are splashing and toxic-earth-casting, both of which are equally effective for the prevention of dead hearts. Although splashing is less satisfactory in preventing white heads, but due to its higher efficiency it is also adopted. As to the proper time of applicaton, during the prevailing period of larval hatching, rice plants at tillering or booting stages should be carefully protected. However, if the borer damage is less than 1% according to forecasting, the application of insecticides will be unnecessary. For the prevention of dead hearts, the proper time of application is 1-2 days before the hatching peak under normal conditions. In an outbreak year, nevertheless, insecticides should be applied at the beginning of the peak. In order to prevent white heads, the booting as well as the early heading stages are recommended as the right time for BHC application. When the booting stage of the rice plant occurs before the hatching peak, the insecticide is usually applied at the beginning of the peak; while the hatching peak happens before the booting stage, application should be done at the beginning of booting. The paddy borer is the chief pest of rice in China, causing an annual loss not less than 10% in average years before liberation. Since the founding of New China, significant advances have been made in scientific research work. The paddy borer control work have been Carried out under the guidance of the policy of plant protection "to promote prevention and elimination simultaneously, with prevention playing the leading role". And the proper tactics of control "to carry on systematic control with cultural control as the basis and recruiting with necessary applications of insecticides", effective control measures and methods of prognosis have been adopted. The control campaign are carried on as mass movements. Therefore, the borer damage has been practically kept in check. In 1963, the average damage due to riceborers was reduced to around 29%, and in many localities even below 1%. All these were achieved by the cooperation among the leading cadres, techanical personnel and masses, under the light of the three red banners of the general line, the big leap forward and the people’s communes.更多还原