【作者】 李蕾；

【导师】 孙劲松；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 哲学（国学）， 2023， 博士

【摘要】 中国传统社会是伦理本位的社会,五伦关系是儒家思想生发的基础,佛教传入中国后,与本土文化最大的冲突就是家庭伦理方面的差异。佛教在中国化的过程中,一方面与儒家文化展开对话交流,另一方面将佛教观念融入了老百姓的日用伦常,利用佛教戏曲很好地发挥了教化作用。对传统佛教戏曲中家庭观进行考察要以现代伦理视野,立足于佛教戏曲是如何处理父母和子女之间的关系、夫妻关系和兄弟姊妹之间的关系,通过对比其中蕴含的佛教伦理与儒家伦理之间的异同,探讨佛教伦理对儒家伦理的继承和发展以及由此产生的相关影响,丰富佛教家庭伦理的研究。主要探讨了三方面的问题:一是佛教戏曲里的慈孝之道,主要涉及孝道问题以及相关的慈孝关系。以郑之珍的《新编目连救母劝善戏文》为代表的目连戏,对孝道的发展表现在目连对母亲的真心救拔、知恩报恩以及超度母亲脱离六道轮回的大孝上。张照的《劝善金科》中则移植了儒家孝道中发展出来的忠君思想,忠君思想的融入增强了儒者对佛教的接受,也促进了佛教的发展。以《香山记》和《海潮音》为代表的观音本生戏提出了世俗之孝的慈孝冲突问题很难从根本上解决,只有依靠佛法修行,才能走向圣凡一体的真正的大慈大孝。其他非以孝道为主要表现内容的佛教戏曲作品,也从不同的角度显现出佛教思想对孝道伦理的影响。二是佛教戏曲中的夫妻之道,主要应对以夫妻关系为主的日常生活中情欲、贞节和家庭生活中的修行问题。对于自然的性欲,佛教戏曲中肯定夫妇之间正当的两性生活,反对夫妻关系之外不正当的两性关系,但也有以色设缘巧妙度化之说。对人的社会性欲望,化解之道是针对现实中难以实现理想抱负的士人,利用他们对世界和人生的思考和判断,以智化欲,将欲望引入到对法乐的追求之中。佛教戏曲中对贞操的提倡是建立在尊重女性内心意愿的基础上,虽然借助因果报应等观念强化了守节意识,但守节是手段不是目的,最终目的还是引向出世间的得证佛果,对明清时期盲目的、强制的守节行为有一定矫正作用。另外,妻子的通奸行为可能是丈夫前世之淫种下的祸根,这对世间男女都有警示作用,从某种意义上有助于男女平等的实现。对于家庭生活中修行,佛教戏曲中表现出来比较重要的就是布施财物、持戒守斋以及忍辱修行,最根本的就是要去除生活中的烦恼和痛苦。三是佛教戏曲中的友悌之道。对有血缘关系的兄弟姊妹(包括表兄弟姊妹)之间的关系,佛教戏曲除了用因果轮回之说去解释兄弟姊妹之间的关系外,还强调要去恶向善,最终是为了达到对兄弟姊妹的救度。对于从血缘关系过渡到非血缘关系的一种拟血缘关系——结拜兄弟(姊妹)和佛教僧团,结拜兄弟关系突出了“信义”,僧团中师兄弟关系强调的是“戒律”。对于从兄弟姊妹之间的关系扩展开来的没有血缘关系的朋友关系,佛教戏曲中强调要做到朋友有信,朋友之间要以德性提升为目的。最后,总结出了佛教戏曲中的家庭伦理的特点,一是佛教戏曲中伦理的日常性和民间性,二是佛教戏曲中伦理的入世性与出世性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chinese traditional society is an ethical-based society,and the five cardinal Confucian relationships are the basis of the development of Confucianism.After the Buddhism was introduced into China,its biggest conflict with the local culture was the differences in family ethics.In the process of sinicization of Buddhism,on the one hand,it had dialogue and communication with Confucian culture,on the other hand,it integrated the daily ethics of the common people,and used Buddhist operas to play the role of enlightenment.The investigation of family views in traditional Buddhist opera should be based on modern ethics,to find how to deal with the relationships between parents and children,husband and wife,brothers and sisters in the Buddhist operas,by contrasting the similarities and differences between Buddhist ethics and Confucian ethics,discussing the Buddhist ethics of the inheritance and development of Confucian ethics and the resulting influence.This will enrich existing Buddhist family ethics research results.Three aspects of the problems are mainly discussed:The first is the way of love and filial piety in Buddhist operas,mainly involves the issue of filial piety and the related relationship of love and filial piety.Zheng Zhizhen’s A New Adaptation Opera of Mulian Save Mother’s Persuasion Drama as the representative of Mulian opera develops filial piety in sincere rescuing,the thanksgiving to this mother and leaving from life transmigration;Zhang Zhao’s Persuasion of Jinke transplanted the thought of loyalty developed from the Confucian filial piety.The integration of loyalty not only strengthened the Confucian scholars’acceptance of Buddhism,but also boosted the development of Buddhism.The Guanyin’s life experience drama Xiangshanji and Haichaoyin put forward the confrontation problem of love and filial piety,which is difficult to be fundamentally solved.Only by relying on the Buddhist practice can we go to the true kindness and filial piety.Other Buddhist opera works that do not take filial piety as the main content also show the influence of Buddhist thoughts on the ethics of filial piety from different perspectives.The second is the way of husband and wife in Buddhist operas,mainly deals with the problems of lust,chastity and family practice in daily life based on the relationship between husband and wife.As for the natural sexual desire,Buddhist operas affirm the legitimate sexual life between couples and opposes the improper sexual relationship outside the relationship between couples,but there is also a saying that the relationship is skillful means.The way to resolve people’s social desire is to target the scholars who are difficult to realize their ideal ambitions in reality,by using their thinking and judgment on the world and life,and introduce the desire into the pursuit of Buddhism happiness with intellectual desire.The advocacy of chastity in Buddhist opera is based on respecting women’s inner wishes.Although it strengthened chastity concept with the help of karma concept,it is not the target but the means,and the ultimate goal is to lead to the world of difference,which has a certain correction effect on the blind and forced chastity behaviors in the Ming and Qing dynasties.In addition,the wife’s adultery may be the bane of the husband’s previous life,which is a warning to both men and women in the world and contributes to the realization of gender equality in a sense.To practice Buddhism in family life,more important in Buddhist operas are to spread property,observe the commandments and endure humiliation.The most fundamental thing is to remove the troubles and pains in life.The third is the way of brothers and sisters in Buddhist Operas.For the blood relationship(including cousins),the Buddhist operas lay stress on going from evil to the good,except for using causal cycle to explain the relationship between brothers and sisters,ultimately in order to achieve the salvation of brothers and sisters.Talking about simulated blood relationship from blood relationship to non-blood relationship—the sworn brothers(sisters)and the Buddhist monks,the sworn brothers(sisters)relationship highlights"faith",and the fellow apprentices relationship of the same monk master emphasizes"discipline".As for the friend relationship expands from the siblings relationship,buddhist operas emphasize that friends should be trusted,and friends should enhance virtue.Finally,the characteristics of family ethics in Buddhist operas are summarized:one of which is the daily and folk nature of ethics in Buddhist operas,and the other of which is getting involved in the world and idea of future life of ethics in Buddhist operas.更多还原