【作者】 申艳娥；

【导师】 叶一舵；

【作者基本信息】 福建师范大学 ， 心理学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 社会心理应激与压力无处不在,但当前应激研究可能存在消极认知偏差及应激原进化机制适应不良问题,我们不可能再去遵循战斗与逃跑的应激机制或观点去理解现代社会里发生的应激现象。因此,在当前时代境遇下,无论从观念上还是社会适应上都需要重新审视应激的概念及其作用。本论文总体以系统论和唯物辩证法为方法论指引,以现象学、班杜拉三元交互决定论、进化心理学和积极心理学为理论基础和价值导向,以寻求建构均衡完整、更全面的应激模型为立足点,遵循多方法、多角度论证的研究思路,并严格遵循因果关系建立的逻辑,主要采用可视化文献分析法、问卷调查法、行为实验法、模型建构法、ERP技术和EEG技术,通过五个研究及若干子研究对正、负向社会心理应激的效应、影响因素及其神经基础进行了层层递进的探讨,着重探讨了正向应激的积极效应、生成条件和神经基础。主要研究内容如下:研究一:首先对Simmons(2000)编制的正、负向应激心理反应量表进行了翻译和修订,并考察了中文版正、负向应激心理反应量表的信度和效度;其次采用高阶模型建构重新论证了正、负向应激是两个彼此独立且相互联系的结构,并进一步明确各自的心理指标,由此论证了正、负向应激分开研究的必要性。研究二:首先根据问卷调查法获取的数据建立逻辑回归模型,着重论证正向应激的积极效应,并考察了压力有害健康的认知对健康的影响;其次通过结构方程建模初步论证了压力数量、压力有害健康的认知及正、负向应激与健康之间的关系。研究三:为能够在更加可靠的因果关系论证的逻辑上检验假设,本部分在横向研究的基础上,进一步采用实验范式再次验证变量间的关系。首先论证了经典的社会心理应激实验室诱发范式(TSST)在中国大学生中的适用性,并考察了其诱发性质;其次对由TSST获取数据建立的正、负向应激模型进行检验,以明确应激源、应激认知、正向和负向应激心理反应、健康与行为的关系。研究四:以上研究论证了正、负向应激的效应,尤其是正向应激的积极效应,那么就有必要对其影响因素做进一步分析。本部分分别从行为、个体特质、认知评价、生理反应及情境因素五个方面探讨了正、负向应激的影响因素。即探讨了唾液皮质醇、助人行为、毅力、自我效能、任务难度、积极反馈及生理唤醒的正向认知对正、负向社会心理应激的影响。研究五:以上研究均论证了认知因素对正、负向应激的重要意义,那么在应激发生时其相应的认知加工特点是怎样的,正向应激在大脑神经活动上是否也具有积极效应的证据?为此,采用EEG和ERP技术分别对正、负向社会心理应激发生时及发生前后的脑电神经特征进行了探索性研究。以上研究主要结论如下:(1)正、负向应激是两个彼此独立且相互联系的结构;正向应激心理反应指标为希望感、意义感、积极情绪和可控感;负向应激心理指标为焦虑、消极情绪、无意义感、失控感、生气与敌意。(2)负向应激是健康的危险因素,正向应激是健康的保护因素;正向应激对健康及行为均具有积极效应;应激有害健康的认知对应激结果具有重要影响;认知因素在应激与应激结果之间、正向与负向应激心理反应之间具有重要作用,可通过认知重评将负向应激状态转变为积极的状态。(3)促进正向应激生成的个体特质首要的是自我效能感,其次是毅力和助人行为;毅力及自我效能感对负向应激的生成也具有显著影响;任务难度与积极反馈本身在正、负向应激的形成上不具有显著影响;应激生理唤醒的正向认知重评对正向应激的生成具有积极意义。(4)在大脑神经活动的ERP及EEG证据上,正向应激均具有积极效应。对比负向应激者,正向应激者大脑神经活动及认知功能良好。应激发生的早期认知加工阶段,正向应激反应者表现出更低的认知资源消耗、较强的认知辨别和更快的信息加工处理速度;在应激发生全程,正向应激者在紧张度及焦虑程度上低于负向应激者,正向应激者比负向应激者更快地恢复基线并转向其他任务,且在认知能力和记忆方面可能优于负向应激者。最后,通过整合以上各项研究结果,我们在理论上构建出了一个包括正、负向应激的较完整的社会心理应激理论模型。这为丰富和发展全面的应激理论模型奠定了研究基础,且对于推进应激的积极干预思路及应激概念的正确认识具有一定的启示。总体本论文为揭示不同性质应激的心理机制和神经基础提供了重要的实证证据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Stress is part of life,it is everywhere.However,previous studies mostly focused on the concept of distress and almost exclusively on the negative side of stress,whereas little attention has been drawn to the concept of eustress or the positive side of stress.As a result,these studies on stress may be biased and fail to acknowledge the original evolutionary course of stress.Therefore,the meaning of stress needs to be re-examined in terms of both conceptual and social adaptation.This dissertation adopted the system theory and dialectical materialism as its methodological guidance,the phenomenology,Bandura’s reciprocal determinism,evolutionary psychology and positive psychology as its theoretical basis,to explore a full and balanced theoretical model of eustress and distress.Objectives and Methods:The present research aims to examine that(1)eustress and distress are separate constructs that can occur simultaneously in response to the same stressor;(2)eustress and distress have differential effects on the same outcome variables,such as health and behavioral efficiency;(3)what factors might influence eustress and distress respectively;and(4)what are the EEG and ERP features of eustress and distress respectively.To attain these objectives,this dissertation utilized multiple methods from a multi-angle perspective and strictly followed the logic of causal relationship:five studies were conducted using the cross-sectional research approach,the experimental method,the model construction approach,and the approach of cognitive neuroscience.Contents and Results:In study 1,firstly,the eustress and distress scale compiled by Simmons(2000)was translated into Chinese and then revised,and the reliability and validity of the Chinese version were examined.Secondly,high order model construction was adopted to re-demonstrate that eustress and distress are two independent and interrelated constructs,further clarifying their respective psychological indicators,thus demonstrating the necessity of study them separately.In study 2,firstly,the logistic regression model was used to demonstrate the positive effects of eustress and the negative effects of distress using data from a questionnaire survey;Secondly,the relationships between eustress,distress,the amount of stress,health status,and the perception that stress is bad for health were preliminarily examined through structural equation modeling.In study 3,in order to verify the hypothesis logically in a more reliable causal argument,an experimental paradigm was employed to re-verify the causal relationship among the variables.This study first examined the applicability of the classic social-psychosocial stress in a laboratory-induced paradigm,i.e.TSST,in a cohort of Chinese college students,and investigated the nature(either positive or negative)of the induced stress.Secondly,the positive and negative stress model established by TSST data was tested to further clarify the relationship among variables.In study 4,the above studies have demonstrated the effects of eustress and distress,especially the positive effects of eustress,so it is necessary to further explore what factors might influence them.In this part,we discussed the influencing factors of eustress and distress from several aspects,that is,salivary cortisol,helping behavior,grit,self-efficacy,task difficulty,positive feedback and positive reappraising stress-induced physiological arousal on eustress and distress.In study 5,the above studies have demonstrated the significance of the cognitive evaluation of eustress and distress,but the corresponding cognitive processing characteristics and whether eustress also has positive effects on brain neural activities were yet to be determined.Therefore,EEG and ERP techniques were employed to explore the neural characteristics of positive and negative psychosocial stress.Main Conclusions:(1)Eustress and distress are separate constructs that can occur simultaneously in response to the same stressor.The positive psychological states used as indicators of eustress are effective,such as hope,meaningfulness,positive affect and controllable feeling;whereas the negative psychological states were also effective indicators of distress,such as anxiety,negative affect,meaninglessness,loss of control,anger and hostility.(2)Negative psychosocial stress is a risk factor for health while positive psychosocial stress is a protective one.Eustress has positive effects on health and behavior;the perception that stress impacts health is of great significance to the result of stress.Cognitive factors play an important role between stress and the consequence of stress,or between eustress and distress;the distress state can be transformed into a positive one through cognitive reappraisal of physiological arousal.(3)The primary individual trait that promotes the generation of eustress is self-efficacy,followed by grit and helping behavior.Grit and self-efficacy also have significant effects on the generation of distress.However,task difficulty and positive feedback in an objective sense have no significant influence on the formation of positive or negative psychosocial stress,while the positive cognitive reappraisal of physiological arousal has positive significance for the generation of positive psychosocial stress.(4)The ERP and EEG data suggest that eustress have different effects on brain activity from distress:in contrast to the negative psychosocial stressors,the positive stressors led to superior cognitive function;the positive psychosocial stress respondents showed lower cognitive resource consumption,stronger cognitive discrimination ability and faster information processing speed in the early cognitive processing stage of stress.Finally,by integrating the results above,a psychosocial stress model including both eustress and distress was constructed in a theoretical sense.This dissertation laid a research foundation for the development and enrichment of the comprehensive psychosocial stress model;and it also shed light on the positive intervention of psychosocial stress as well as the more all-rounded understanding of the concept of stress.Overall,this work provided important empirical evidences to revealing the psychological mechanism and neural basis of eustress and distress.更多还原