【作者】 张艳；

【导师】 薛恩奎；

【作者基本信息】 黑龙江大学 ， 俄语语言文学， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 动词是语言词汇系统中最为复杂的子类,较之于其它词汇类别而言,动词内部结构更为多元化、使用频率更高、范围更广。动词具有丰富的语义特征以及强大的句法建构功能,其自身的形式变化能涵盖句子结构所需要的全部语法意义。作为句法结构述谓特征的主要载体和表现形式,动词提供了复杂多变的语义和句法信息,决定了可能的句法框架与体系,也制约着与之共现的名词性成分的语义选择。莫斯科语义学派主张对语言进行整合一体的形式化描写。语义是多维的网络系统,句法是多元的线性结构,句法模式的构建是多维的语义网络向线性句法结构的演变过程。动词的语义范畴及属性特征构成了提取句法结构模式的基础条件,动词语义范畴不同,其句法与语义之间的对应规律也存在着很大的差异。本文以俄语动词为核心研究对象,以心智动词、存在动词、运动动词等动词类别为切入点,按照以点带面、点面结合的方式考察动词的语义结构特征以及句法组配方式,分析动词深层语义结构在表层句法结构中的表现形式与对应关系,揭示俄语动词语义的独特性能以及与句法结构之间的制约机制。所选取的三类动词在俄语动词系统中具有语义性能独特、句法表现多样化、使用频率高以及语言研究可操作性强等特征。此外,我们从感知动词、言语动词、感情动词、使役动词、属性动词等其它五个动词类别中选取部分例词进行元语言释义和支配模式的阐释,以期更全面、更系统地揭示俄语动词语义-句法属性特征。具体研究步骤如下:第一,借鉴国内外学者动词分类指导思想,综合运用聚合原则、组合原则和主题类别等分类机制,对俄语动词进行语义范畴的划分,从中找出语言(意义)单位之间的系统联系,构建详实的俄语动词动态语义分类体系。第二,基于不同语义聚合体动词的区分性特征和核心语义参数,对所研究的动词类别进行语义次范畴的划分。依据认知语义学、语义动态模式以及功能语义学等理论对语言单位进行分层次、多角度地语义描写与考察,既包括语义组织中的预设、陈说、情态框架等语义成素,同时涵盖主位-述位、旧知-新知等交际切分转换信息,旨在实现对俄语动词语义特征的多视角研究。第三,对动词的配价性能与题元属性做系统化的论证与阐释,使俄语动词的语义分析与句法描写兼容并进,在“意思(?)文本”模式理论指导下,从描写动词的语义组配形式入手,分析深层语义结构在表层句法结构中的表现形式以及对应关系,并依据深层结构向表层结构的句法投射规律概括出动词的句法分布特征。以“语义决定句法,通过句法描写语义”的研究思想为总体指导,综合运用语义-句法理论对所研究动词进行多向位的分析,描写与解析动词各个语义次范畴的句法行为表现,挖掘动词语义性能的形式句法特征,以期构建基于俄语动词的语义-句法结构模式系统化研究体系。本研究对俄语实践教学以及语言信息化处理等领域均有着重要的实践意义与参考价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 Verbs are the most complex subcategory of the lexical system,with more complex internal structures,more frequent use and a wider range than other lexical categories.Verbs have rich and diversified semantic features and powerful syntactic construction functions,and their own form changes can cover all the grammatical meanings needed by sentence structure.As the main carrier and manifestation of the predicative features of the syntactic structure,verbs provide complex and variable semantic and syntactic information,determine the possible syntactic framework and system,and govern the semantic choice of the nominal components that co-occur.The Moscow School of Semantics advocates a formal depiction of language as an integrated whole.Semantics is a multi-dimensional network system,syntax is a multi-dimensional linear structure.The construction of a syntactic pattern is the evolution process of a multi-dimensional semantic network to a linear syntactic structure.The semantic categories and attribute characteristics of verbs constitute the basic conditions for extracting the syntactic structure patterns.There are great differences in the correspondence laws and constraint mechanisms between syntax and semantics for different semantic categories of verbs.This paper takes Russian verbs as the core research object,and takes mental verbs,existential verbs,motor verbs and other verb categories as the breakthrough point.According to the point-to-surface and combination of point and surface approach,the manifestations and correspondences of the deep semantic structure of verbs in the surface syntactic structure are analyzed.The study reveals the unique properties of Russian verb semantics and the constraints between them and syntactic structure.The three selected verb categories are characterized by their unique semantic properties,diverse syntactic embodiment,high frequency of use,and strong operability for linguistic research in the Russian verb system.In addition,some examples from other verb categories were selected for meta-linguistic interpretation and dominance pattern elucidation in order to reveal the semantic-syntactic attributes of Russian verbs in a more comprehensive and diversified manner.The specific research steps are as follows:Firstly,guided by the ideas of verb classification from scholars at home and abroad,the semantic categories of Russian verbs are classified by the principles of aggregation,combination and thematic categories to find out the systematic connections between linguistic meaning units.The study aims to build a detailed dynamic semantic classification system.Secondly,based on the distinguishing characteristics and core semantic parameters of different semantic aggregate verbs,the semantic subcategories of the studied verb categories are classified.The semantic units are described and examined in a hierarchical and multifaceted manner based on theories of cognitive semantics,semantic dynamic models and functional semantics,including semantic elements such as presupposition,statements and modal frame in the semantic organization as well as communicative cut-over information such as theme-rheme and old knowledge-new knowledge.It aims to achieve an integrated description of the semantics of Russian verbs.Thirdly,the systematization and explanation of the valence and thematic properties of verbs allow the semantic analysis and syntactic description of Russian verbs to proceed in parallel.Under the guidance of the"meaning(?)text"pattern,the expressions and correspondences of deep semantic structures in the surface syntactic structures are analyzed by describing the semantic grouping form of the verbs.the semantic grouping of verbs is described,the expressions and correspondences of deep semantic structures in the surface syntactic structures are analyzed,and the syntactic distribution characteristics of verbs are outlined based on the syntactic projection of deep structures to surface structures.The syntactic distribution characteristics of verbs are summarized based on the syntactic projection law of the deep structure to surface structure.With the general guiding idea of"semantics determines syntax,and syntax describes semantics",the verbs under study are analyzed in multiple directions according to semantic-syntactic theory;the syntactic behavior of each semantic subcategory of verbs is described and analyzed;the formal syntactic features of the semantic performance of verbs are explored.It’s expected to build a systematic research system of semantic-syntactic structural patterns based on Russian verbs.The purpose of this study is to develop a systematic system of research on the semantic-syntactic structural patterns of Russian verbs.This research is of great practical significance and reference value for the Russian practical teaching and language information processing.更多还原