【作者】 陈燕；

【导师】 龙伟；

【作者基本信息】 重庆大学 ， 新闻传播学， 2024， 博士

【摘要】 在中国近代广播事业历史上,重庆中国国际广播电台占有重要地位。它诞生于全面抗战时期的西南后方,在战火中以声为媒、联通国际,不断向世界发出中国军民不畏强敌、奋力抗争的嘹亮声浪。面对日机肆虐的轰炸,重庆中国国际广播电台从未中断广播播音,践行了设台之时所提出的“抗战继续一天,我们的声音就要保持一天”的工作理念,也因此被日媒称为“重庆之蛙”。在特殊的历史、政治、军事环境之下,重庆中国国际广播电台对内鼓舞民心、提振士气,对外阐述立场、争取援助,为中国人民抗日战争和世界人民反法西斯战争的胜利作出了至关重要的贡献。本文以重庆中国国际广播电台(文中简称为国际广播电台)为主要研究对象,以其抗战宣传为研究重点,尝试从战时国际广播电台的成立背景、国民党上层对国际广播电台的谋划及其筹备建设切入,并串联起组织机构、人事管理、宣传策略、节目呈现、传受互动、传播效果、历史贡献等内容,全方位、多维度、深层次地探究抗战声浪中的重庆中国国际广播电台,以期对当前处于融传播视域下广播媒介的发展及其对外传播提供现实关照的历史资源。抗战时期,重庆中国国际广播电台的创立是出于中国迫切的对外宣传之需,更是一项艰巨的国防政治任务。伴随着国民政府首都西迁至渝,原中央广播电台作为军事建设的一部分移入重庆,这给重庆地区的广播事业注入了新鲜的血液,也为创立大型短波广播电台埋下了重要的伏笔。以蒋介石为核心的国民政府对筹建专作国际宣传的大型短波电台计划的同意与支持,从国家意志层面推动了国际广播电台项目的顺利落地与积极建设,并在经济、行政、技术等多方面为其设立提供了便利条件和有力保障。科学的组织机构和合理的运行机制是保障声浪传播的重要基石之一。重庆中国国际广播电台的行政管理权归属曾经迭次变动,从最初的中央短波广播电台完全从属于中央广播电台,到后来取消了中央短波广播电台的称号,着其与中央广播电台进行合并统称为中央广播电台,再到移交国际宣传处,又复归中央广播事业管理处。显然,行政归属的变动不仅仅是从有益于国际宣传工作开展的角度出发所进行的调整,其背后也隐藏了国民政府宣传系统内部较复杂的人事、权利关系。国际广播电台在运作机制上保持机构的灵活性与协同性,确保对抗战信息的有效传播,这既表明重庆中国国际广播电台具有高效率的组织运作方式,也提示其内部的组织架构与管理体系发挥了重要的支撑作用。在战争形势的外力推动与捍卫国家主权的内部激励之下,重庆中国国际广播电台通过不断完善的组织结构和良性的组织运作,助推对外宣传工作的稳定运行。面对复杂的国际环境和战争形势,重庆中国国际广播电台作为“第四战线”上的主力发声通道之一,在国际宣传中具有一定的应对、调整与执行能力,这还得益于它较为成功的人事管理。国民政府曾指派董显光负责国际宣传事宜,令工程师冯简担任国际广播电台台长,统筹全台事务并选拔适宜的广播职员。抗战时期,重庆中国国际广播电台确立了以“抗日救亡”为根本宗旨的人员选聘理念,采取本土选拔、培养、训育和聘请外籍专家相结合的职工选用模式,吸纳了一批有着较强专业素养与国际视野的有志之士,较好地解决了当时广播宣传职员人事任用的问题。同时,这也增强了国民政府同海外国家在广播电台的技术实践、理论方法、宣传业务等方面的交流与合作,在较大程度上提高了战时中国对外宣传的效率和水平。国际广播电台在相对有限的条件下对其员工薪俸进行了较为合理的调整,既提高了人员的工作主动性和工作效率,也无形中增强了广播电台内部的生机与活力。在特殊时局之下,人员与薪俸的动态调节称得上是一种行之有效的人事策略,有利于顺利完成战时国际宣传的使命与任务。重庆中国国际广播电台的抗战宣传,并非直接传递国民政府的抗日思想、作战理念及行动主张,而是面对不同国家和地区采取了差异化的传播策略,施行了主旨不同、形态各异的宣传战术,并精心设计了一系列符合战时新闻传播规律、易于海内外受众接受的广播节目。新闻节目、时事述评节目、广播演讲节目以及为配合抗战创作的多种专题节目等,依托节目选题的战时性、节目内容的战斗性和节目风格的战地性,于战火硝烟中构筑起一道独特的广播景观。重庆中国国际广播电台以其特色鲜明的节目内容铺设出一条让国际社会充分了解中国战事实况的崭新通道,很大程度上扭转了英、美等国的观念,使之从同情中国受到法西斯主义的蹂躏逐渐转变为支持中国反抗日本帝国主义的侵略,并将中国抗日战争的胜败与他们自己国家的命运越来越紧密地结合在一起,促使中国的国际声誉和国际支持率不断攀升。抗日战争的艰难并未使国民政府停止与海外社会建立沟通与连接。国际广播电台竭力建构的专业化国际宣传平台,借助大量的听众来信,接收听众真实的意见和建议,不断改进播音质量,强化与外国媒体同行的互助合作,较大幅度地提升了广播节目的开放性和贴近性,培养了一批忠实的海外受众,增强了受众黏性。同时,也锻造了外宣媒体的专业技能和实践能力,大大增强了国际传播的实际效果。重庆中国国际广播电台建立了海外收听机制,并基于海外收音报告进行传音效果分析,此举能够促使国际广播电台及时调整技术方案和播音内容,推动战时信息的高质量传播。以声为媒、联通国际是抗战时期重庆中国国际广播电台创设的初衷,也是其开展对外宣传的主要手段和传播路径。面对日本帝国主义的狂轰滥炸,国际广播电台在炮火声中坚持广播播音,向国际社会和世界听众传达出中国军民遭列强欺凌而不屈、奋起拯救民族命运的呐喊疾呼,其声浪凝聚着中国人民不畏强敌的坚定信念,展现了中华儿女坚韧顽强的民族性格、热忱激昂的爱国精神,以及流淌在中华血脉里的、延续着家国情怀与民族意识的使命担当。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the history of modern broadcasting in China,Voice of China once held an important position.It was born in the southwestern rear during the period of the Comprehensive Anti Japanese War,using sound as a medium and connecting with the international community in the midst of war,constantly sending out loud and clear waves of Chinese military and civilians fearlessly fighting against strong enemies to the world.Faced with the rampant bombing of Japanese planes,Voice of China has never interrupted its broadcasting,practicing the work philosophy proposed at the time of its establishment of"if the Anti Japanese War continues for a day,our voice must be maintained for a day",which is why it is called the"frog of Chongqing"by Japanese media.In the special historical,political,and military environment,Voice of China has inspired the hearts of the people and boosted morale internally,expounded its position and sought assistance externally,making crucial contributions to the victory of the Chinese People’s War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression and the World People’s Anti Fascist War.This article takes Voice of China as the main research object,with its anti Japanese propaganda as the research focus.It attempts to start from the background of the establishment of the international radio station during the Anti Japanese War,the planning and preparatory construction of the international radio station by the upper echelons of the Kuomintang,and connecting the organizational structure,personnel management,communication strategy,program presentation,communication and reception interaction,communication effects,historical contributions,etc.,comprehensively and multi-dimensionally Deeply exploring the Voice of China amidst the waves of the Anti Japanese War,in order to provide practical historical resources for the development of broadcasting media and its external dissemination in the current context of integrated communication.During the Anti Japanese War,the establishment of Voice of China was not only necessary for external propaganda,but also a national defense and political responsibility.With the Nationalist government’s capital moving westward to Chongqing,the original Central Radio Station was moved to Chongqing as part of military construction,injecting fresh blood into the broadcasting industry in Chongqing and laying an important foundation for the construction of large-scale shortwave radio stations.The approval and support of the Nationalist government,led by Chiang Kai shek,for the establishment of a shortwave radio station dedicated to international propaganda promoted the smooth implementation and active construction of the international radio station project from the perspective of national will,and provided convenient conditions and strong guarantees for its establishment in various aspects such as economy,administration,and technology.A scientific organizational structure and reasonable operating mechanism are one of the important cornerstones for ensuring the propagation of sound waves.The administrative management rights of Voice of China have undergone multiple changes,from the original Central Short Wave Broadcasting Station being completely subordinate to the Central Broadcasting Station,to the later cancellation of the title of Central Short Wave Broadcasting Station,and its merger with the Central Broadcasting Station to be collectively referred to as Central Broadcasting Station,and then transferred to the International Propaganda Department and returned to the Central Broadcasting Administration.Obviously,the change in administrative affiliation is not only an adjustment made from the perspective of benefiting international propaganda work,but also hides the complex personnel and power relationships within the propaganda system of the Nationalist government.The organizational structure of the Voice of China presents a distinct hierarchical system,relatively lagging closure,and a unity of static management and dynamic optimization.It reflects a certain advantage of centralized command and control orientation in organizational leadership,and maintains the flexibility and synergy of the organization in operating mechanism,thereby achieving efficient dissemination of anti Japanese war information.This not only indicates that Voice of China has an efficient organizational operation mode,but also indicates that its internal organizational structure and management system play an important supporting role.Under the external impetus of the international war situation and the internal stimulation of defending national sovereignty,Voice of China has continuously improved its organizational structure and benign organizational operation to promote the stable operation of external propaganda work.Faced with the complex international environment and war situation,Voice of Chin,as the main voice channel on the"fourth front",has a certain ability to respond,adjust and execute in international propaganda,which is also due to its relatively successful personnel management.The Nationalist government once appointed Dong Xianguang to be responsible for international propaganda matters,and appointed engineer Feng Jian as the director of Voice of China,to coordinate the affairs of the entire station and select suitable broadcasting staff.During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression,Voice of China established a personnel selection concept with the fundamental purpose of"resisting Japan and saving the nation".It adopted a personnel selection model that combined local selection,training,and hiring foreign aid.It recruited a group of ambitious individuals with strong professional qualities and international perspectives,effectively solving the problem of relative shortage of broadcasting and propaganda personnel at that time.This also enhanced the exchange and cooperation between the Nationalist government and overseas countries in terms of technical practice,theoretical methods,propaganda business,and greatly improved the efficiency and level of China’s foreign propaganda during wartime.Under relatively limited conditions,Voice of China has made reasonable changes to its employee salaries,which not only enhances the work initiative and efficiency of personnel,but also invisibly enhances the vitality and vigor within the station.This can be considered an effective personnel strategy in special times,which is conducive to efficiently completing the mission and tasks of international propaganda during wartime.During the war,Voice of China did not directly convey the Nationalist government’s anti Japanese ideas,combat concepts,and action plans.Instead,it adopted differentiated communication strategies in the face of different countries and regions,implemented propaganda tactics with different themes and forms,and carefully designed a series of radio programs that were in line with the laws of wartime news dissemination and easy for audiences at home and abroad to accept,such as news programs,current affairs commentary programs,radio speech programs,and various special programs created to cooperate with the anti Japanese war.Based on the wartime nature of the program topics,the combat nature of the program content,and the battlefield nature of the program style,a unique radio landscape was constructed in the midst of the war.Voice of China,with its distinctive program content,has laid a new channel for the international community to fully understand the actual situation of China’s war,greatly reversing the views of countries such as Britain and the United States.It has gradually shifted from sympathizing with China’s fascist ravages to supporting China’s efforts to resist Japanese aggression,and has increasingly linked China’s victory and defeat in the War of Resistance against Japan with their own country’s destiny,Promote China’s international reputation and international support rate to continue to rise.The difficulties of the War of Resistance Against Japan did not stop the Nationalist government from establishing communication and connections with the overseas world,nor did it stop Voice of China from transmitting China’s excellent culture and ideas to the outside world in the process of transmission and interaction.The professional international propaganda platform that Voice of China strives to build,with the help of a large number of letters from listeners,understands and masters their true opinions and suggestions,continuously improves the quality of broadcasting,strengthens mutual assistance and cooperation with foreign media peers,significantly enhances the openness and closeness of broadcasting programs,cultivates a group of loyal overseas audiences,and enhances audience stickiness.At the same time,it has also forged the practical skills and innovative capabilities of external publicity media,greatly enhancing the actual effectiveness of external communication.Voice of China has established an overseas listening mechanism and analyzed the transmission effect based on overseas listening reports.This can prompt the international radio station to adjust its technical solutions and broadcasting content in a timely manner,achieving efficient dissemination of wartime information.更多还原