【作者】 李祥；

【导师】 张小玲；

【作者基本信息】 中国人民公安大学 ， 法学， 2024， 博士

【摘要】 当前,我国有组织犯罪的形势依旧十分严峻。涉案财产处置是办理有组织犯罪案件中最为棘手的问题,其难度甚至超过了办理有组织犯罪案件本身。2021年全国人大常委会通过的《反有组织犯罪法》以专章的形式规定了涉案财产处置的条款,为涉案财产处置制定了专门的程序和特殊的规则,提供了法律的支持,也充分回应了现实中的困境和难题。根据《反有组织犯罪法》的规定,有组织犯罪是指组织、领导、参加黑社会性质的组织犯罪以及黑社会性质组织、恶势力组织所实施的犯罪。根据《刑法》第64条的规定,涉案财产包括违法所得、违禁品和供犯罪所用的本人财物三大类型。涉案财产处置分为实体性处置和程序性处置,实体性处置包括追缴、没收和责令退赔,程序性处置主要指财产的查封、扣押、冻结等措施。违法所得追缴的属性为“不当得利之衡平”,供犯罪所用本人财物没收的属性是一种独立的制裁措施。有组织犯罪涉案财产处置具有打击、预防、保护、补偿和证明五大功能,有利于打财断血,铲除其经济基础,防止犯罪组织的死灰复燃和东山再起,有利于阻断组织的经济来源,进一步强化和宣誓“任何人不得通过违法犯罪活动而获益”的司法理念,有利于保护公民、被害人和第三人的合法财产权,保护企业产权,维护良好的营商环境。有组织犯罪涉案财产处置应当秉持法定原则、全面追缴原则、权利保障原则和精准处置原则四大基本原则。有组织犯罪的涉案财产具有区别于其他犯罪涉案财产的显著特征,体现为:一是财产规模巨大、类型多、分布广,成分复杂,财产来源和去向多元;二是“经营性资产”占比高;三是合法财产与非法财产相互交织混合;四是“涉黑财产”的组织性特征明显;五是财产的性质和权属相互交错,区分难度大;六是财产转移分配速度快,掩饰隐瞒性强。有组织犯罪对涉案财产处置带来了空前的挑战,合法财产和非法财产难以剥离、财产的性质和权属不易甄别和区分、证据收集和证明责任履行难度大、黑财的追踪和追缴难度陡然提升、涉案财产的管理面临严峻挑战。司法实践中亦存在诸多突出问题,集中表现为:财产调查不全面、财产性强制措施滥用、财产管理和移送制度混乱、检察审查监督乏力以及涉案财产庭审实质化不足、涉财判决虚化弱化等。有组织犯罪涉案财产处置的规范依据形成了以《刑法》《刑事诉讼法》《反有组织犯罪法》为核心,以相关的司法解释、部门规章、指导意见、座谈会纪要为补充的体系。《反有组织犯罪法》关于涉案财产处置的条款既包括实体性条款,也包括程序性条款,诸多条款突破了《刑事诉讼法》的规定,彰显了全面追缴、财产权保障、精准处置和系统追缴的理念。然而,当前的规范依据存在违法所得的界定和范围不明晰、犯罪工具的认定标准和没收规则不健全、第三人追缴存在短板和不足、等值追缴和没收范围和效力不明确以及财产性强制措施和涉案财产管理不健全等多个突出问题,并没有完全解决现实中的困境和难题。面对有组织犯罪涉案财产的特点,为充分应对司法实践中的困境和难题,解决问题的路径应当从实体和程序两个层面分别展开。实体层面上,首先,直接违法所得应当区分为涉黑财产和一般违法所得。对于违法所得的追缴,既要追缴直接违法所得,也要追缴间接违法所得以及违法所得的孳息和收益。同时要确立对组织成员和第三人进行追缴的规则。对于违法所得案件来源范围的认定,《反有组织犯罪法》应当明确扩大没收的规则。其次,犯罪工具的认定应当确立“双重标准”,对于有组织犯罪所实施的具体违法犯罪活动,犯罪工具宜采“直接专门说”的标准;作为一种“组织型”犯罪,犯罪工具的认定还应当遵循“维系组织生存、发展的费用”之标准。第三,等值追缴及没收的规则对有组织犯罪涉案财产的全面追缴具有重大现实意义,应当明确其适用的范围、条件,并完善实施程序。程序层面的完善,一是要加强财产调查和审查甄别程序。审前程序中要规范财产“核查”措施的运用,完善财产全面调查制度,侦查活动和财产调查后应当形成“财产调查报告”,统一和规范“财产调查报告”的格式,并作为证据接受法庭的质证。在审查起诉前和提起公诉前,增加财产的审查甄别程序,加强公安预审工作,优化“检察引导侦查”的模式,强化检察机关的监督。二是要改革和完善涉案财产的相关制度。对财产性强制措施进行规范和改造,规范涉案财产的保管、移送,充分运用托管和代管措施,并完善涉案财产的先期处置。三是在审判程序中,宜采用“相对独立的财产处置”庭审模式,优化庭前会议程序,规范法庭调查和法庭辩论程序,加强庭审实质化。法庭在作出判决时应当对涉案财产的问题作出明确具体的判决,加强裁判文书的说理,存疑按照“疑黑即白”规则作出判决。财产证明方面,证明对象包括财产的来源、性质、权属、用途、价值。在符合一定的条件下举证责任发生转移。对于黑社会犯罪的违法所得采用“高度盖然性”的证明标准。最后,公检法机关应当分别在相应阶段建立“证据标准”,以规范涉财证据的收集和证明活动。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present,the situation of organized crime in our country is still very severe.The disposal of the property involved is the most difficult problem in the handling of organized crime cases,and its difficulty even exceeds the handling of organized crime cases themselves.The AntiOrganized Crime Law passed by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in 2021 stipulates the provisions on the disposal of property involved in the case in the form of a special chapter,formulates special procedures and special rules for the disposal of property involved in the case,provides legal support,and fully responds to the difficulties and problems in reality.According to the Anti-Organized Crime Law,organized crime refers to the crimes committed by organizing,leading,and participating in organized crime of the nature of the underworld,as well as organized crime of the nature of the underworld and evil force organizations.According to the provisions of Article 64 of the Criminal Law,the property involved includes three types of illegal gains,contraband and personal property used for crimes.The disposal of the property involved in the case is divided into substantive disposal and procedural disposal,substantive disposal includes recovery,confiscation and ordered refund and compensation,and procedural disposal mainly refers to the seizure,seizure,freezing and other measures of the property.The attribute of the recovery of illegal gains is "equalization of unjust gains",and the attribute of confiscation of personal property used for crime is an independent sanction measure.The disposal of the property involved in organized crime has five functions of attack,prevention,protection,compensation and proof,which is conducive to cutting off the blood,eradicating its economic base,preventing the resurgence and revival of criminal organizations,blocking the economic sources of organizations,and further strengthening and swearing the judicial concept of "no one shall benefit from illegal and criminal activities".It is conducive to protecting the legitimate property rights of citizens,victims and third parties,protecting the property rights of enterprises,and maintaining a good business environment.The disposal of property involved in organized crime should adhere to four basic principles: the principle of legality,the principle of comprehensive recovery,the principle of rights protection and the principle of precise disposal.The property involved in organized crime is different from the property involved in other crimes,which is manifested as follows: first,the property is huge in scale,many types,wide distribution,complex composition,and multiple sources and whereabouts of the property;Second,the proportion of "operational assets" is high;Third,legal property and illegal property are interwoven and mixed;Fourth,the organizational characteristics of "black-related property" are obvious;Fifth,the nature and ownership of property are interlaced,which makes it difficult to distinguish.Sixth,the property transfer and distribution speed is fast,and the concealment is strong.Organized crime has brought unprecedented challenges to the disposal of property involved in the case,it is difficult to divest legal property and illegal property,it is difficult to identify and distinguish the nature and ownership of property,it is difficult to collect evidence and fulfill the burden of proof,the difficulty of tracking and recovering black goods has increased sharply,and the management of property involved is facing severe challenges.There are also many prominent problems in judicial practice,which are mainly manifested as: incomplete property investigation,abuse of property coercive measures,confusion of property management and transfer system,weak procuratorial review and supervision,insufficient substantive trial of property involved,and weak judgment related to property.The normative basis for the disposal of property involved in organized crimes has formed a system with the Criminal Law,Criminal Procedure Law and Anti-Organized Crime Law as the core,supplemented by relevant judicial interpretations,departmental regulations,guidance opinions and symposium minutes.The provisions of the Anti-Organized Crime Law on the disposal of property involved in the case include both substantive provisions and procedural provisions,many of which break through the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Law,highlighting the concept of comprehensive recovery,property rights protection,accurate disposal and systematic recovery.However,there are many prominent problems in the current normative basis,such as unclear definition and scope of illegal gains,imperfect identification standards and confiscation rules of criminal instruments,shortcomings and deficiencies in third party recovery,unclear scope and effectiveness of equivalent recovery and confiscation,and imperfect property enforcement measures and property management,which have not completely solved the practical difficulties and problems.In the face of the characteristics of the property involved in organized crime,in order to fully cope with the difficulties and problems in judicial practice,the path to solve the problem should be carried out from the entity and the procedure.At the entity level,first of all,direct illegal income should be divided into gang-related property and general illegal income.For the recovery of illegal income,not only the direct illegal income,but also the indirect illegal income and the fruits and benefits of illegal income should be recovered.At the same time,it is necessary to establish the rules for the recovery of organization members and third parties.For the identification of the scope of sources of illegal gains,the Anti-Organized Crime Law should clearly expand the rules of confiscation.Secondly,the identification of criminal instruments should establish "double standard",for the specific illegal and criminal activities carried out by organized crime,criminal instruments should adopt the standard of "direct special theory";As an "organized" crime,the identification of criminal instruments should also follow the standard of "the cost of maintaining the survival and development of the organization".Third,the rules of equivalent recovery and confiscation have great practical significance for the comprehensive recovery of property involved in organized crime,and the scope and conditions of its application should be clarified,and the implementation procedures should be improved.To improve the procedure level,first,we must strengthen the property investigation and review screening procedures.In the pre-trial procedure,the application of property "verification" measures should be standardized,and the comprehensive property investigation system should be improved.After investigation activities and property investigations,a "property investigation report" should be formed,the format of the "property investigation report" should be unified and standardized,and the court should accept the cross-examination as evidence.Before the review and prosecution,increase the review and screening procedures for property,strengthen the preexamination work of public security,optimize the mode of "procuratorial guidance investigation",and strengthen the supervision of procuratorial organs.The second is to reform and improve the relevant system of property involved.To standardize and transform the property compulsory measures,standardize the custody and transfer of the property involved,make full use of custody and escrow measures,and improve the early disposal of the property involved.Third,in the trial procedure,it is appropriate to adopt the "relatively independent property disposal" trial mode,optimize the pre-trial conference procedure,standardize the court investigation and court debate procedure,and strengthen the substance of the trial.When the court makes a judgment,it should make a clear and specific judgment on the issue of the property involved,strengthen the reasoning of the judgment documents,and make a judgment in accordance with the "black is white" rule if there is any doubt.In the aspect of property proof,the object of proof includes the source,nature,ownership,use and value of the property.The burden of proof is transferred under certain conditions.The proof standard of "high probability" is adopted for the illegal gains of triad crime.Finally,the public prosecution organs should establish "evidence standards" at the corresponding stages to regulate the collection and proof activities of financial evidence.更多还原