【作者】 李倩；

【导师】 郭华东； 王心源；

【作者基本信息】 新疆大学 ， 理学 地图学与地理信息系统， 2023， 博士

【摘要】 坎儿井是干旱区半干旱区域人们进行农业灌溉的一种特殊水利工程,广泛分布于一带一路的40多个国家和地区中。位于西亚的伊朗坎儿井“The Persian Qanat”于2016年被列入世界文化遗产名录。中国的坎儿井主要分布于新疆吐哈盆地,其中吐鲁番的坎儿井最多。新疆吐鲁番地处欧亚大陆腹心,是历史上“丝绸之路”的重要组成部分,也是连接东西方文明的重要地域。吐鲁番坎儿井以地下河的形式从天山山麓流淌到盆地绿洲,与长城、京杭大运河齐名,并称为中国历史上的三大工程,是干旱区人民适应气候、地貌、地质环境的伟大创造。千百年来,坎儿井为干旱区的农业灌溉、生活、生态提供宝贵的水源。据历史记载,公元前吐鲁番地区已有垦植业存在。史记中记载了吐鲁番的坎儿井至少出现在公元前200-300年。吐鲁番坎儿井作为历史文化的象征,坎儿井的兴盛和衰落演变跟历史上的绿洲人类文明进程密切相关。坎儿井既伴随着干旱区农耕文明的发展,也是代表着可持续的地下水资源利用方式。坎儿井的分布和排列与地质地貌是相关的,也在一定程度上反映了当地的水文地质规律。遗产数字化是认识遗产和保护遗产的前提。坎儿井在中亚及新疆吐鲁番分布广泛,对于大区域的坎儿井的制图需要自动提取算法。研究坎儿井的空间分布、自然环境特征和时代变迁有助于为坎儿井保护和水资源利用提供参考资料。分析坎儿井所在的赋存环境的干旱区遥感生态指数及其驱动因素,可为坎儿井文化的利用和保护提供参考资料,为人地关系的优化调控提供科学依据。本文的主要研究内容与结论如下所示:(1)通过使用Lableme建立坎儿井识别模型的数据集,将深度学习模型YOLOv5进行训练。基于甚高分辨率卫星遥感影像和训练后的机器智能目标检测YOLOv5算法对坎儿井进行自动提取,使用验证精度为Precision=0.85,Recall=0.83的训练后的YOLOv5模型参数对坎儿井进行识别。并基于坎儿井的竖井是按照一定范围的间距分布的,通过竖井的平均相邻距离特征将误识别的竖井去除。通过python程序调用基于Arc GIS的API接口,实现多个图幅的批量化处理,完成对吐鲁番盆地整个区域的坎儿井竖井的数字化制图。(2)结合历史资料、第三次全国文物普查资料、历史遥感卫星CORONA影像对坎儿井进行变迁研究。分析坎儿井所在的地理环境特征,包括坎儿井分布的地形地貌特征、坡度坡向特征、竖井的平均间距、竖井点密度、竖井核密度、地质特征。坎儿井分布在海拔600m等高线以下,竖井之间的平均最近邻距离为18.97m。坎儿井竖井所在的坡度范围为0-48.41°之间,坡度均值为2.175°。坎儿井竖井数量最多的方位角为198.43,180,225,对应的坡向为南向和西南向。竖井密度大的区域为葡萄乡、恰特喀勒乡、胜金乡、吐峪沟乡、迪坎乡。(3)从1992-2020年,吐鲁番盆地的土地利用类型的总体变化趋势为:建成区显著增加。耕地面积增加。灌木林带面积增加。森林面积减少较大。永久积雪和冰川面积减少。水域和湿地面积呈现出先增大后减少的趋势。裸地和草地面积基本保持不变。在1985-2020期间,吐鲁番的人口数量是在稳步增长的。所以耕地和建成区面积是同步稳步增长的趋势。(4)常规的RSEI耦合了绿度、湿度、温度、干度信息。而干旱区强烈的蒸散发也会影响生态环境,而土地退化是干旱区生态的影响因素。为了对坎儿井所在的地理环境进行生态状况监测。本文在常规RSEI的基础上,增加了实际蒸散发和土地退化指数。对各个生态指标进行归一化处理,通过主成分分析,构建了干旱区遥感生态指数(Arid Area Remote Sensing Ecological Index),简称为A-RSEI。并在GEE平台上基于MODIS产品、蒸散发和土地退化指数计算了2001-2021年吐鲁番盆地的生态质量指数,并分析生态质量的空间分布特征和近20年内的生态质量的变化趋势。(5)利用Geo Detector分析坎儿井赋存环境的生态质量的驱动因素,选取的自然因素包括年降水量、7-8月陆地地表温度、地面高程、地面坡度。人为因素包括土地利用类型、人口密度、单位面积的农作物产量、单位面积的肉产量。其中只有人口密度为RSEI的非驱动因素,其他7个因子均与A-RSEI有相关性。说明人口密度跟生态环境变化之间没有相关性。影响因子的重要性排序为:地表温度>高程>年降水量>土地利用类型>肉产量>农产品产量>坡度。分析坎儿井赋存环境的生态驱动因素以为坎儿井的利用和保护提供建议。更多还原

【Abstract】 Karez is a special water conservancy project used by people in arid and semi-arid areas for agricultural irrigation.It is widely distributed in more than 40 countries and regions along the Belt and Road.The Iranian Qanat "The Persian Qanat" located in West Asia was included in the World Cultural Heritage List in 2016.China’s karez are mainly distributed in the Tuha Basin of Xinjiang,with the largest number of karez in Turpan.Turpan,Xinjiang is located in the heart of the Eurasian continent.It is an important part of the historical "Silk Road" and an important region connecting Eastern and Western civilizations.The Turpan Karez flows from the foothills of the Tianshan Mountains to the basin oasis in the form of an underground river.It is as famous as the Great Wall and the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal.It is also known as the three major projects in Chinese history.It is a great creation for people in arid areas to adapt to the climate,landforms,and geological environment.For hundreds of years,karez has provided precious water sources for agricultural irrigation,life,and ecology in arid areas.According to historical records,the reclamation industry existed in the Turpan area before BC.Historical records record that the karez in Turpan appeared at least in 200-300 BC.As a symbol of history and culture,Turpan Karez’s rise and decline are closely related to the historical oasis process of human civilization.Karez not only accompanies the development of farming civilization in arid areas,but also represents a sustainable way of utilizing groundwater resources.Moreover,the distribution and arrangement of karez are related to the geology and landforms,and also reflect the local hydrogeological laws to a certain extent.Digitization of heritage is the prerequisite for understanding and protecting heritage.Karez is widely distributed in Central Asia and Turpan,Xinjiang,and automatic extraction algorithms are needed to map karez in large areas.Studying the spatial distribution,natural environment characteristics and temporal changes of karez will help provide reference for karez protection and water resource utilization.Analyze the remote sensing ecological index of the arid zone where the karez is located and its driving factors.It can provide reference for the utilization and protection of karez cultural heritage,and provide scientific basis for the optimization and regulation of the relationship between man and land.The main research content and conclusions of this article are as follows:(1)By using Labelme to build a dataset of the karez recognition model,the deep learning model YOLOv5 is trained.The karez was automatically extracted based on very high-resolution remote sensing images and the trained machine intelligent target detection YOLOv5 algorithm,and the trained YOLOv5 model parameters with verification accuracy of Precision=0.85 and Recall=0.83 were used to identify the karez.And based on the fact that karez shafts are distributed according to a certain range of spacing,misidentified shafts are removed through the average adjacent distance feature of the shafts.The API interface based on Arc GIS is used through the python program to realize batch processing of multiple map frames and complete the digital mapping of karez shafts in the entire Turpan Basin.(2)Combining historical data,the third national cultural relics census data,and historical remote sensing satellite CORONA images,the changes in the karez were studied.Analyze the geographical environment characteristics of the karez,including the topographic and geomorphological characteristics of karez distribution,slope and aspect characteristics,average spacing,point density,kernel density,and geological characteristics of shafts.The karats are distributed below the 600 m contour line above sea level,and the average nearest neighbor distance between shafts is 18.97 m.The slope range of the karez shaft is between 0-48.41°,and the average slope is 2.175°.The azimuth angles with the largest number of karez shafts are198.43,180,and 225,and the corresponding slope directions are south and southwest.The areas with high density of shafts are Putao Township,Chatkal Township,Shengjin Township,Tuyugou Township and Dikan Township.(3)From 1992 to 2020,the overall change trend of land use types in the Turpan Basin is:the built-up area has increased significantly.The area of cultivated land increased.The area of shrubland has increased.The forest area has decreased significantly.Permanent snow cover and glacier area decrease.The areas of water areas and wetlands showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing.Bare land and grassland areas remain essentially unchanged.During 1985-2020,Turpan’s population increased steadily.Therefore,the area of cultivated land and builtup area is growing steadily at the same time.(4)A spatial distribution and change map of ecological quality in the Turpan Basin from2001 to 2021 was produced.Conventional RSEI couples greenness,humidity,temperature,and dryness information.The strong evapotranspiration in arid areas will also affect the ecological environment,and land degradation is an influencing factor in the ecology of arid areas.In order to monitor the ecological status of the geographical environment where the karez is located.This paper adds actual evapotranspiration and land degradation index to the conventional RSEI.Each ecological index was normalized and through principal component analysis,the Arid Area Remote Sensing Ecological Index(A-RSEI)was constructed.The ecological quality index of Turpan Basin from 2001 to 2021 was calculated on the GEE platform based on MODIS products,evapotranspiration and land degradation index,and the spatial distribution characteristics of ecological quality and the changing trend of ecological quality in the past 20 years were analyzed.(5)This paper uses Geo Detector to analyze the driving factors of the ecological quality of the karez environment.The selected natural factors include annual precipitation,land surface temperature from July to August,ground elevation,and ground slope.Anthropogenic factors include land use type,population density,crop yield per unit area,and meat yield per unit area.Among them,only population density is a non-driving factor of A-RSEI,and the other seven factors are all related to A-RSEI.This shows that there is no correlation between population density and quality of the ecological environment.The order of importance of influencing factors is: surface temperature>elevation>annual precipitation>land use type>meat production>agricultural product production>slope.Analyze the ecological driving factors of the karez environment to provide suggestions for the utilization and protection of karez.更多还原