【作者】 王鹏；

【导师】 范逢春；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 公共管理， 2023， 博士

【副题名】基于四川省的实证分析

【摘要】 农村公共服务建设一直是城乡二元背景下乡村现代化的痛点。作为政府主导、以“多村一社区”为主要形式组建而成的新型农村社区,为统筹城乡发展、平衡利益多元提供了制度平台。新型农村社区的出现是行政社会为实现公共利益的再分配对村落空间与秩序进行重构的结果。然而,新型农村社区公共服务存在着不同程度的供需失衡情况,出现了如民生服务供不应求、面子工程却供过于求的生产率悖论问题,背离了新型农村社区资源集约的建立初衷。其折射的是社会跃迁引致多元化需求挑战的背景下,公共体制接受、包容、安置社会异质性和利益分裂性的无力。如何真正发挥新型农村社区作为制度平台的中介作用是妥善处理多元社会的结构性张力和利益分化的重要环节,也是对“效率”与“公共性”这两大现代行政焦点议题的追寻和解答。检视新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配现状,提高新型农村社区公共服务供给有效性,是完善新型农村社区公共服务体系、破解利益多元背景下社会资源配置困境的关键。由此引出几个核心问题:如何评判新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配程度?新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配度差异产生的影响因素为何?如何提高新型农村社区公共服务的供需匹配?研究基于政府失灵理论、供需平衡理论、公共价值理论,综合采用社会调查法、数理统计分析法和实证分析法等主要研究方法探究新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配度及其影响因素。根据现有社区公共服务评估研究文献与政府城乡社区服务规划文件,构建新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配度测算模型指标体系,结合马克思对人类社会存在和发展的层次分类,将新型农村社区公共服务分为生存型、发展型、享受型三个层次,包括了社区安全环境、社区社会保障、社区农业生产、社区政务法律、社区信息化、社区生活服务、社区文娱体育服务等七大类。根据GDP数值对四川省各市(州)进行分层抽样,将市(州)分成了6个梯队,并对与其下设区(县)、镇、乡进行逐级简单随机抽样,同时根据相关村级建制规划文件,从中选取了36个新型农村社区,对其中2880名居民进行了问卷调查,回收有效问卷2253份。另外,对样本社区中的23位居民进行了深度访谈。依据供需平衡理论与经济学中的供需函数,利用供给与需求的线性关系,推导出供需匹配度测算模型的三角函数公式,λ=cos(|arctan(D/Q)-45°|)*sign(D-Q),对回收到的问卷数据进行供需匹配度测算。测算结果显示:总体新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配等级为“较高”,但各区域匹配情况较为不平衡,区域经济发展程度与社区公共服务供需匹配度基本呈正相关关系;在地区差异与服务类别差异方面,社区公共服务匹配度模型具有较高的分辨力,能够对各地、各类别的公共服务供需偏差进行有效反馈;在具体社区公共服务匹配度方面,社区农业生产类与社区文娱体育类服务的供不应求情况比较严重,部分地区农业生产设施与农产品销售指导服务的供给与需求偏离最为严重,其次是社区文化娱乐场所与公共体育场所及活动,此外,基本劳动就业保障服务的供需匹配度也存在较大的偏离。以政府失灵理论与既往相关研究为基础,提出了新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配度影响因素的研究假设,并建立了结构方程模型。模型运行的参数估计结果表明:在综合影响因素检验中,“政府资源投入”、“政府重视程度”、“社区公共服务生产绩效”、“项目认知度”、“表达有效性”、“信息掌握程度”等6个因素对新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配度有正向显著影响;在中介效应检验中,“公共服务生产绩效”在“政府重视程度”与“供需匹配度”之间具有中介效应。“表达有效性、“信息掌握程度”在“项目认知度”与“供需匹配度”之间具有链式中介效应;另外2个因素“监督机制的完善程度”、“服务信任度”并未对供需匹配度有显著影响。11项研究假设中9项成立,2项不成立。基于实证分析与访谈结果,从供需视角提出提高新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配度的政策建议。从供给视角来看,一是要提升新型农村社区公共服务供给的精准化程度;二是要加强新型农村社区公共服务供给的多元化配置;三是要明确新型农村社区公共服务供给的优先序。从需求视角来看,一是要建立新型农村社区居民需求识别机制;二是要拓展新型农村社区居民需求表达渠道;三是要引导新型农村社区居民积极参与社区公共服务。新型农村社区公共服务匹配度及影响因素研究是在利益多元分化背景下,以公共性为指引的效率修正,是行政社会治理技艺的表达,期以有限资源的重配在新的村落空间中重塑共同体纽带。其学术贡献主要在于:一是基于新型农村社区特点构建了公共服务供需匹配度测算模型指标体系,并推导出供需匹配度测算的三角函数公式,为审视新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配带来了新的视角与测度工具;二是通过构建全类目、高容错的社区公共服务供需匹配度影响因素模型展开实证分析,发现监督机制与公共服务信任度之于供需匹配度的重要性并不似既往文献的期望,而表达有效性与信息掌握程度在模型中具有较强的链式中介作用;三是从供给和需求两方面提出新型农村社区公共服务供需匹配优化的新策略,以多元协作、数据化为手段提升社区公共服务供给精准度,在综合考虑居民需求与财政水平的基础上建立社区公共服务供给的优先序清单,通过需求识别与过程控制实现社区公共服务的动态调整。更多还原

【Abstract】 The construction of rural public services has always been a pain point of rural modernization in urban-rural duality.As a government-led community mainly formed of “A union community of multiple villages”,the new rural community(NRC)provides an institutional bridging platform.The emergence of NRC results from the administrative society’s reconfiguration of village space and order to achieve the redistribution of public interests.However,there are different degrees of imbalance between the supply and demand of public services in NRC,such as the productivity paradox of oversupply of livelihood services and face-saving projects,which deviates from the original purpose of establishing NRC for resource pooling.It reflects the inability of the public system to accept,accommodate,and resettle social heterogeneity and divided interests against the backdrop of the challenge of diversified needs caused by social leaps.How the NRC plays the intermediary role as an institutional platform is the key to properly dealing with the structural tensions and divergence of interests in a pluralistic society and is also a search and answer to the two major issues of the modern public administration study--“efficiency” and “publicness”.Reviewing the current situation of matching supply and demand for public services in NRC and improving the effectiveness of public service supply are the keys to improving the public service system in NRC and solving the dilemma of social resource allocation in the context of multiple interests.It leads to several core questions:How to measure the Supply-Demand Matching Degree(SDMD)of public services in new rural communities? What are the factors influencing the SDMD of public services in NRCs? How to improve the SDMD of public services in NRCs?Based on the theory of government failure,the theory of supply-demand balance,and the data governance theory,the study adopts social survey,mathematical and statistical analysis,and empirical research methods to investigate the SDMD of public service in NRC and its determinants.According to existing literatures on community public service evaluation,and the government’s urban and rural community service planning documents,the NRC public service evaluation index system is constructed and combined with Marx’s classification of the levels of human social existence and development.The NRC public services are classified into three levels: survival,development,and enjoyment,including community safety and environment,community social security,community agricultural production,community government affairs,legal services,community information services,and community information services.These services include community safety and environment,community social security,agricultural production,government,legal services,information services,community living services,community recreation,sports,etc.Based on the supply-demand balance theory and the supply-demand function in economics,the linear relationship between supply and demand is used to derive the trigonometric formulaλ=cos(|arctan(D/Q)-45°|)* sign(D-Q)for the SDMD.By stratified sampling of GDP values of each city in Sichuan Province with simple random sampling at the level of lower districts(counties),towns,and townships,36 NRCs were selected,and questionnaires were administered to 2880 residents in them.The data from2253 valid questionnaires were measured for the SDMD of community services in NRC.The results showed that the overall matching level of public service supply and demand in NRC was “Medium-High”,but the matching situation in each region was uneven,and there was a positive correlation between the degree of regional economic development and the SDMD.In terms of regional differences and differences in service categories,the community public service matching model has high discriminatory power and can provide effective feedback on the deviations in supply and demand of public services in various regions and categories;in terms of the SDMD of specific community public services,the supply of community agricultural production and community recreation and sports services is more severe than the demand,and the supply of agricultural production facilities and agricultural marketing guidance services in some regions deviates most seriously from the demand,followed by community cultural venues and activities and public sports venues and activities,in addition to the supply of basic labor and employment security services.In addition,the SDMD of basic labor and employment security services also has a significant deviation.Based on the theory of government failure and previous related studies,the research hypothesis of the factors influencing the SDMD of public services in NRCs is proposed,and a structural equation model of the influencing factors is constructed.The parameter estimation results of the model run on the factors influencing the SDMD show that “government resource input,” “government importance,” “community public service production performance”,“project awareness”,“effectiveness of expression”,“information mastery” and other six factors have a positive and significant effect on the SDMD of public services in NRC.In the mediating effect test,the six factors of “project awareness”,“effectiveness of expression,” and “information mastery” have a positive and significant effect on the SDMD of public service in NRC.In the mediation effect test,“public service production performance” had a mediating effect between“degree of government attention” and “matching demand and supply”.“The effectiveness of expression and the degree of information acquisition had a mediating chain effect between the degree of project awareness and the SDMD.The other two factors,“perfection of supervision mechanism” and “trust in service”,did not significantly affect the SDMD.9 of the 11 hypotheses were true,and 2 were not.Based on the results of the empirical analysis,we propose policy recommendations to improve the SDMD for public services in NRC from the perspective of supply and demand.From the supply perspective,firstly,we need to improve the level of public service supply in NRC.Secondly,it has to enhance the precision of public service supply in NRC.Thirdly,we must grasp the priority order of public service project supply in NRC.Lastly,the government needs to strengthen the diversified allocation of public service supply in NRC.From the perspective of demand,firstly,the community has to establish a mechanism for identifying the needs of residents in NRC.Secondly,the local government must establish a platform for expressing the needs of residents in NRC.Thirdly,NRC residents must be mobilized to participate in community service.Finally,the cultural identity of NRC residents should also be enhanced.The study on the SDMD of public services and the determinants of NRC is an efficiency revision guided by publicness in the context of diversified and divided interests.It is an expression of administrative and social governance techniques,which is expected to reshape community ties in the new village space by reallocating limited resources.Its academic contributions are followed.Firstly,this study establishes an index system for evaluating public services in NRC from the dimension of “quantity” and deriving a trigonometric formula for measuring the match between supply and demand,which brings a new perspective and measurement tools for examining the match between supply and demand of public services in NRC.Then,develop a methodology for evaluating public services in NRC in a community-wide public service environment with high model tolerance.Secondly,in the context of a full-category community public service environment and high model tolerance,the empirical analysis of the influencing factors reveals that the importance of supervision mechanism and public service trust in the matching of supply and demand is not as expected in the previous literature,while the effectiveness of expression and the degree of information mastery have a strong chain mediating role in the model.Thirdly,this study proposes a new strategy to optimize the supply and demand matching of public services in NRCs from both the supply and demand sides,enhance the accuracy of community public service supply utilizing multi-collaboration and data,establish a priority list of community public service supply based on comprehensive consideration of residents’ demand and financial level,and realize the dynamic adjustment of community public services through demand identification process control.更多还原