【作者】 李平；

【导师】 项久雨；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 马克思主义理论 思想政治教育， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 立德树人的根本任务要贯穿青少年教育教学全过程,坚持做好全程育人、全方位育人、全员育人,这样才能开创我国教育事业发展新格局。2022年4月25日习近平总书记在中国人民大学考察调研时强调,“为谁培养人、培养什么人、怎样培养人”始终是教育的根本问题。要坚持马克思主义指导地位,落实立德树人根本任务,广大青年要做社会主义核心价值观的坚定信者、积极传播者、模范践行者。社会主义核心价值观是凝心聚气、强基固本的全民共识和立国之本。当今世界多元文化和思潮相互交织、交融、交锋、相互碰撞,逐渐形成你中有我、我中有你的命运共同体。在构建“人类命运共同体”的伟大倡导中,了解和研究世界他国的价值观教育,对坚持与弘扬我国社会主义核心价值观具有现实意义。坚持以辩证唯物主义、历史唯物主义观为指导,结合德国独特的文化传统、社会制度以及民族特征。对当代德国学校价值观教育的社会历史背景、发展现状与现实挑战、基本特征、长效机制以及实践与成效等方面进行系统深入研究和总结,以深刻揭示其本质内涵。在研究过程中坚持逻辑和历史相结合,宏观与微观相统一,运用多种研究方法,如文献资料法、归纳演绎法、分析推导法、实证研究方法等方法。根据研究的目标和逻辑次序,主要围绕以下方面内容展开:历史背景、发展现状与现实挑战是德国学校开展价值观教育的重要前提,价值观教育在德国的发展,与其经济、政治、文化、社会环境密不可分。就历史背景而言,研究范围为1990年两德统一后当代德国学校的价值观教育。在当代德国的历史进程中,学校的价值观教育发展呈现三个阶段的特性:1990-2000年为初步建立阶段,2000-2010年为形成发展阶段,2010年至今为改革创新的发展阶段。当代德国的价值观教育理念注重包容精神,反思教育和可持续发展、理性文化等,进而塑造更加理性和民主的核心价值观。但在国际形势复杂多变的当今社会,如何持续推进学校价值观教育向好发展也面临着诸多挑战,诸如欧元带来的经济一体化发展、多元政治共生、信息社会革新、异族文化共存等。德国价值观教育具有宗教性、民族性、实效性、融合性和可持续性等基本特征。相对于其他国家,德国学校奉行以“渗透”为特色的间接式隐性教育,避免“强行灌输”,更加注重教育的主体性功能、体验式教育和教育的实效性。体验式教育可强化学生感知,陶冶学生情操,净化学生心灵,有利于培养学生自觉与自信的品质,无论是学校、家庭、社会还是个体,在教育过程中都会呈现出充分协调、紧密配合,多方参与以及整体发力的特征。宗教教育是德国学校价值观教育的主渠道之一,学校的课程设置中有宗教课程,普通课程教学中又蕴涵宗教要义,传递善良、诚实、尊重等价值观。民族精神与价值观的形成紧密相连,随着社会的变化和发展,当代德国学校价值观教育逐渐呈现出历史资源与现代技术融合、课程宗教与宗教课程融合、德国文化与外来文化融合的融合性特征。在德国学校价值观教育的持续发展过程中,也逐渐形成了其规范化、标准化、常态化、制度化和动态化的特征。对德国价值观教育的目标内容划分为基础性、发展性和理想性三个层面,以更加开放、多元、民主的社会价值观为基本内容。这是对青少年价值观教育的意识和态度,是一种导向行为,力导共同基本价值观。学校是学习的场所,倡导和谐共存,包容性的价值观,通过各类课程的设置和多样化的教学方法,引导学生自我分析,独立获取自我个体价值,增强榜样的获得感。从德国基本法的准则可以彰显其价值观的核心内容:宽容、和平、民主、统一,自由、平等、公正、团结,诚实、善良、尊严、责任,能展现国家、社会、公民三个层面的价值精髓所在,这是贯穿当代德国学校价值观教育全过程、全领域的内核。结合当代德国学校教育和受教育群体的特点,探求其持续良好发展的价值观教育体系的长效机制。其体现在鲜明的以管理、目标、实践为引导的导向机制,以理念创新、改革发展、反馈调节为重点的运行机制,以道德引领、树立典型、奖惩并行为主的人文机制,以法律、制度、师资、环境完善的保障机制。从而形成相辅相成的有机统一体,全面保障当代德国学校对学生价值观教育顺利有序推行,通过学校教育帮助德国青少年树立正确的核心价值观。实践是检验真理的唯一标准。随着社会的发展,当代德国学校价值观教育逐渐形成自有的体系,以传递、交流、启发、发展四种模式为主要模式,特色鲜明。在具体实践过程中,德国广泛发动社会参与,突破学校的“围墙”,从校园生活延展到国家政治、经济社会、公民生活等各个领域,突破学校的单一性,推动社会和个体以及学校整体发展,在不断出现的价值观矛盾中寻找平衡点,这对于学生的身心发展和道德培养具有积极意义。课程教学是价值观教育最直接的主渠道,它的操作和导向性对学生是直接的价值导向。价值观的培养在学校的每一个细节中得到了渗透,课外活动、情景教育、团队活动也是其主要途径,相互协调应用。在实际教育过程中,德国以参与和对话、赞赏和榜样、感知和体验、实践和养成为主要方法。学生通过实践体验提升个人修养,陶冶文化,促进和完善人的全面发展。在了解与研究当代德国学校价值观教育的基础上,还需对其作出客观理性的评价,从中寻求对我国学校价值观教育的启示。当代德国学校价值观教育与时代的发展同步,具有可借鉴性的一面,也具有局限性的一面。可借鉴性主要体现在四个方面,一是显性课程凸显价值观教育的主体性,学生可以多样化发展,有名副其实的人生立交桥;二是隐性课程浸润价值观教育的渗透性,德国学校通过营造多元文化氛围与丰富多彩的文化活动吸引学生,学生从而形成主动吸收文化的价值观,这是最好的渗透和主动式体验;三是习惯养成蕴涵价值观教育的实践性,德国学校没有规定的具体的价值观课程,但所有价值观教育的理念与实践都贯穿于各类学校所开设的多种课程模块体系中,无论人文历史还是自然科学等,价值观教育都浸润其中,对学生潜移默化;四是数字社会推进价值观教育的时代性。局限性主要体现在价值观教育主体权责越界、价值观教育功能泛化和移民价值观教育失衡、民族特征制约价值观教育进程。他山之石,可以攻玉。对当代德国学校价值观教育进行研究,总结其启示性,同时坚持我国社会主义办学方向和立德树人的根本任务。一是价值观教育要遵循年龄特征和成长规律。我国教育坚持“以学生为中心”,德国教育坚持“人是教育的中心”,德国的社会核心价值观也从政治教育中寻找理论依托,从“合作教育”到“冲突教育”,再到“和平教育”与“宽容教育”,协同促进了人的全面发展,坚持了理论与实践的统一。二是价值观教育承载国家安全和民族复兴。当代德国学校价值观教育对维护德国经济社会稳定、公民政治参与和社会核心价值观深入民心发挥了重要作用。我国正处百年未有之大变局的良好发展机遇期,德国的经验模式对我国实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史使命提供了有益启示。三是价值观教育显现人民意愿和阶级意志,核心价值观是社会共识和全民意愿的体现,应贯穿于公民一生,终身化发展。四是价值观教育体现了过程阶段性和发展性。学校价值观教育工作应“以人为本”,随着人生阶段的改变与时代的发展做出相应的调整和规划。五是价值观教育强调政治指导性和应用性。作为价值观教育的主体除了要求掌握过硬的专业素质之外,还必须具备高度的政治觉悟和政治素养,才能正确的开展社会主义核心价值观的教育工作,构建美好社会,实现美好生活。在新时代新征程上,我们要持续深入推进社会主义核心价值观教育,以思想指导行动,植根中华优秀传统文化,弘扬中华民族精神,坚持“五育并举”、“三全育人”。注重实践养成促进人的全面发展,多维构建社会主义价值观教育体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 The fundamental mission of moral education and cultivation should run through the whole education process for adolescents.Only when every teaching faculty educates students from all aspects in the whole process can we create a new prospect in education in China.During his visit to Renmin University of China on April.25.2022.President Xi Jinping stressed that "Who we educate for,what talents we cultivate and how we nurture" remain the fundamental questions of education.The leadership of Marxism must be upheld and the fundamental mission of cultivating virtues and morality fully implemented.Broad masses of the youth should be firm believers,energetic promoters and model practitioners of socialist core values.As the national consensus and the very foundation for building China,socialist core values play a critical role in mind unification and foundation consolidation.In today’s world,diverse cultures and ideological trend interweave,blend,clash and collide with each other,and a integrated community of shared future is thus formed.In pursuing the great vision of "a community with a shared future for mankind." research on values education of other countries play a practical role in upholding and carrying forward socialist core values of China.Under the guidance of dialectical materialism and historical materialism,a systematic full in-depth research and summarization were conducted on the social history background,current situation and realistic challenges,basic characteristics,long-term mechanism,practice and achievements of values education of contemporary German schools to reveal its essential connotation on the basis of unique German cultural traditions,social system and national characteristics.In the research process,multiple research methods are used,including literature review,induction and deduction,analytical deduction,empirical approach,etc.According to the research objects and logical order,research contents are as follows:Historical evolution,current situation and present challenges of values education in contemporary Germany schools are an essential precondition and foundation for German Schools to conduct values education.The development of values education in Germany is inseparable from its economy,politics,culture and social environment.In terms of historical background,values education in Germany after the unification of West and East Germany in 1990 will only be covered.In the course of history of contemporary Germany,the development of values education shows features of three stages.1990-2000 is the initial establishment stage;2000-2010 is the formation and development stage,and 2010-present is the reform and innovation stage.Values education ideas in contemporary Germany attach great importance to tolerance,introspection education,sustainable development and rational culture,with a view to shaping a more rational and democratic core values.However,in today’s society where international situation is complex and changing,various challenges are facing educators in the process of promoting the development of values education in schools,including economic integration brought by euros,multiple symbiotic politics,innovation in informationized society and co-existence of alien cultures.Values education in Germany is religious,national,effective,integrated and sustainable.In comparison with other countries,German schools uphold the principle of indirect hidden values education and avoid "cramming style",emphasizing the subjectivity of education,experiential learning and effectiveness of education.Experiential learning can cultivate students’ sentiment,purify their minds,and help to cultivate students self-consciousness and self-confidence.This indicates that the whole nation,no matter schools or families,society or individuals,fully coordinates for a unified purpose with joint effort in the process of education.Features of multiparticipation and solidarity are embodied.Religious education constitutes as one of the major parts in the German values education in schools.On one hand,comprehensive courses about religion are often settled in the curriculum.On the other hand,other courses also communicate core motifs in religious stories such as kindness,honesty and esteem towards others.National spirits and values are closely connected.With social changes and development,values education gradually presents integration,such as the integration of historical resources and modern technology,curriculum religion and religious curriculum,German culture and foreign culture.Therefore,German values education has gradually become regularized,standardized,normalized,systematic and dynamic in the developing process.The research summarizes goals of values education of Germany into three aspects,including basics,developments and finals,with a more open,diverse and democratic social values as its main contents.Schools as learning places advocate harmony,inclusiveness and the consensual values of co-existence in the academic community.Through course-setting and various pedagogy,students are guided to carry out independent research,facilitating the attainment of self-value and enhancing the sense of self-fulfillment through imitation of role models.In addition,the core contents of values education in Germany is embodied as tolerance,peace,democracy,uniformity,freedom,equality,fairness,unity,honesty,kindness,esteem,responsibility.These values respectively comprise the essence of values in three main bodies including the nation,the society and citizens.They run through every stage and field of German values education.Based on the characteristics of educators and educated groups in German schools,the dissertation discusses the long-term mechanism of its sound sustainable values education.There are four keys to the mechanism.The first is a goal-centered,practiceoriented guiding system with efficient management;the second is an operation system with focus on theoretical innovation,reformation and development and feedback-based adjustment;the third is a humane system that promotes role models setting and carrotand-stick method;the last one is the safeguard system with support from laws and regulations,educational institutions,teaching staff,and the society.In this way,the values education in contemporary German schools are integrated and could be carried out in an orderly manner and it continues to guide German teenagers to establish the correct values.Practice is the sole criterion for testing truth.With the development of society,values education in contemporary Germany has gradually formed its own system with distinctive characteristics,with four main modes of transmission,communication,inspiration and development.In specific practice,Germany extensively calls on social participation to carry education activities beyond "walls" of schools to politics,economy,and social life,which breaks the monotony of schools,promotes the overall development of society,individuals and schools,and finds a balance in constant conflicts and contradiction.This is of positive significance for students’ physical and mental development and moral training.Curriculum teaching is the most direct main channel of values education,and its operation and guidance is a direct value orientation for students.The cultivation of values has infiltrated in every detail of the school.Extracurricular activities,situational education,and team activities are also the main channels,which are coordinated and applied.In the actual education process,Germany takes dialogue education,role model education,perception education and practical education as the main methods.Through practical experience,students can improve their personal accomplishment,cultivate their culture,promote and improve their all-round development.Based on the research on contemporary German school values education,this paper objectively evaluates it and puts forward enlightenment to China’s values education.Contemporary German school values education keeps pace with the development of the times,offering experience to learn from.But it also has limits.Referencial experience mainly comes from the following three aspects.First,the explicit curriculum highlights the subjectivity of values education;students can develop in a variety of ways and have a veritable overpass of life;second,the hidden curriculum provides subtle values education;German schools attract students by creating a multicultural atmosphere and rich colorful cultural activities,thus students can form the values of absorbing culture actively.This is the most subtle and active experience;third,habit formation implies the practicality of values education.German schools do not have prescribed specific values curriculum,but all the ideas and practices of values education run through the curriculum module systems of various schools.Values education infiltrates and subtly affects students,whether in humanities,history or natural science;fourth,the digital society promotes the characteristics of the times of values education.The negative aspects are mainly the fuzzy boundary of responsibility,the generalization of educational function,imbalance of immigrant education,and restraints on its progress posed by national characters.Advice from others may help one overcome one’s shortcomings.Centered on values education of contemporary German schools,the author proposes enlightenment and reference of German school values education to our country and adheres to socialist direction of running schools and the fundamental mission of moral education and cultivation at the same time.First,values education follows the age characteristics and growth pattern in children.Our education adheres to "student-centered" principle while German education insists that "people are the center of education" and they seek theoretical support from political education.From "cooperative education" to "conflict education" to "peace education" and "tolerant education",all these ideas promote an allround development of people and ensure the unity of theory and practice.Secondly,values education carries national security and national rejuvenation.Values education plays an important role in maintaining German economic and social stability,citizens’ political participation,and promoting the deepening of social core values among the people.China is facing changes unseen in a century,which offers great development opportunities.German experience provides beneficial enlightenment for China to realize the historical mission of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation.Third,values education shows the will of the people and class.Core values are embodiment of social consensus and the will of people,running through the whole life of citizens and developing throughout one’s life.Fourth,values education reflects the process stage and development.School values education should be "people-oriented." Corresponding adjustments and plans should be made according to changes in life stages and development of the times.Fifth,values education emphasizes political guidance and application.As the main body of values education,we must possess high political awareness and political literacy in addition to mastering strong professional qualities in order to correctly carry out education of socialist core values so as to build a better society and achieve a better life.In the new era,we should continue to promote socialist core values education and cultivate talents with culture and promote the spirits of Chinese nation on the basis of excellent traditional Chinese culture.We need to stick to the principle of Three All-round Education calling for all teachers to educate students from all aspects throughout the whole process and enable the educated to have an allround moral,intellectual,physical,and aesthetic grounding with a hard-working spirit in a down-to-earth way and build a system of socialist core values in multiple dimensions.更多还原