【作者】 孙蓉；

【导师】 张崇富；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 宗教学， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 本论文聚焦于渝东三峡地区巫山县的一个民间道坛渝民坛,采取小题精做、以小见大的研究进路,展现了道教文化的活态传承与地方适应。论文采取文本和田野相结合的方法,既有精深的文献梳理也有详实的田野调查,对巫山的历史尤其是巫的历史有独到的把握,清晰地呈现了道教在巫山的传承脉络和当下民间道坛的现实样态,为深化地方宗教研究提供了新的视野与个案。论文共有五章。第一章对巫山的历史文化和道教传承进行了细致梳理,并落脚于现实的具体生态,展现了渝民坛的生存环境。第一节将巫山的历史直追溯至史前的地质时期,指出了盐在巫山历史中扮演的重要角色,这也关涉到巫的起源。巫山特殊的地理位置使其自古以来移民文化就很发达,与后文的渝民坛相呼应,渝民坛也是外来移民带来的道坛。第二节从方志文献中寻找线索,勾勒了巫山历史上道教传承的脉络。第三节展现了巫山道观和民间道坛的现状。第二章开始对渝民坛的传承进行考察研究。第一节从渝民坛班主的口述材料中呈现了该道坛圣、巫、道融汇的多元来源,并展示了道坛的概貌。第二节对科仪本启师表中的仙真谱系进行了精细比对,认为其可能与湖北武当清微派有一定联系,也受了临近湖南道脉的影响,与其移民道坛的特点相符。第三节对渝民坛的各类科书进行了梳理,展现了其科仪体系,抄本的题记中包含不少有用信息,显示了当时民间道士的生存状况。第三、四两章对渝民坛的两种不同类型的法事进行了记录、分析和比较。第三章详细记录了渝民坛的丧葬仪式——三更四贤斋,对坛场陈设、法事仪节进行了细致描绘,并对科仪文本和仪式的意义进行了一定解读。其中特别选取了一场具有典型意义的法事——“施食”进行了具体阐释,如实呈现了法事全貌,可以丰富同类型的研究。第四章记录了一场端公法事,并与道教法事进行了一些对比,从中可见端公法事“杀牲血食”的巫门特色。第五章从民间道坛与地方社会的关系这个角度对民间道坛的生存现状作了展望,渝民坛借助“巫音”申遗这个有利时机拓展自己的生存空间,对其他道坛有一定借鉴意义。最后的结论部分总结了渝民坛的特色。渝民坛有着纯正的道门传统而又集圣、巫、道于一体,礼与俗交融,这与民间的信仰状态内在相合,由此也可以进一步思考中国宗教的特质。更多还原

【Abstract】 This thesis focuses on a folk Daoist altar,Yumin altar,in Wushan County,the Three Gorges Region in the east of Chongqing.It adopts a research approach that focuses on small topics and sees the big from the small,showing the living inheritance and local adaptation of Daoist culture.The thesis adopts the method of combining text and field.It has both in-depth literature review and detailed field investigation.It has a unique grasp of the history of Wushan,especially the history of wizard,and clearly presents the inheritance of Daoism in Wushan and the current reality of folk Daoist altar.,which provides a new perspective and case for deepening the research on local religion.The thesis consists of five chapters.Chapter one makes a detailed analysis of the history and culture of Wushan and the inheritance of Daoism,and shows the living environment of Yumin altar based on the concrete ecology of reality.The first section traces the history of Wushan back to the prehistoric geological period,pointing out the importance of salt in the history of Wushan,which is also related to the origin of wizard.Because of its special geographical location,Wushan has developed its immigrant culture since ancient times,which echoes the Yumin altar in later text——Yumin altar is also a Daoist altar brought by immigrants.The second section seeks clues from local chronicle documents,and outlines the inheritance of Daoism in the history of Wushan.The third section shows the current situation of Wushan Daoist temple and folk Daoist altar.Chapter two investigates the inheritance of Yumin altar.The first section presents the multiple sources of the integration of saints,sorcerers,and Daoism in the altar from the oral materials of the leader of the Yumin altar,and shows the general picture of the altar.The second section makes a detailed comparison of the Xianzhen genealogy in the ritual book,and speculates that it may have a certain connection with the Qingwei school in Wudang,Hubei province,and is also influenced by the neighboring Daoism in Hunan,which is consistent with the characteristics of the immigrant Daoist altar.The third section sorts out various ritual books of Yumin altar,showing its ritual system.The inscriptions in the transcripts contain a lot of useful information,showing the living conditions of the folk Daoists at that time.The third and fourth chapters record,analyze and compare two different types of rituals of Yumin altar.The third chapter records in detail the funeral ritual of Yumin altar—Sangeng Sixianzhai,describes the altar layout and ritual events in detail,and interprets the texts and the meaning of the ritual.Among them,a specific and typical ritual event-"Shishi" was selected for a specific explanation,which truthfully presented the overall picture of the event and can enrich the research of the same type.The fourth chapter records a Duangong ritual,and makes some comparisons with the Daoist ritual,from which we can see the sorcery characteristic of "killing animals for blood and eating".The fifth chapter makes an outlook on the existing status of folk Daoist altars from the perspective of the relationship between folk Daoist altars and local society.Yumin altar expands its living space by virtue of the favorable opportunity of applying for the world Heritage of "wuyin",which has certain reference significance for other Daoist altars.The final conclusion summarizes the characteristics of Yumin altar.Yumin altar has a pure Daoist tradition,and at the same time,it integrates saints,sorcery and Daoism,and integrates ritual and custom,which is intrinsically consistent with the belief state of the people,so we can further think about the characteristics of Chinese religion.更多还原