【作者】 刘晨；

【导师】 曾晓平；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 外国哲学， 2021， 博士

【副题名】基于自然的视角

【摘要】 “世界”在西方哲学史上是一个十分重要的概念,在康德哲学中同样如此。康德对世界概念的思考是在前人奠定的基础上展开的,主要体现在:(1)自古希腊以来,哲学家们思考世界的视角逐渐从面向具体存在者转为面向世界本身,承接这一演变历程,康德得以摆脱物理学态度的羁绊而完全以哲学态度思考世界。(2)早期现代经验主义与理性主义在理解世界上的分歧为康德的世界思考设定了基本思路:通过提出新的世界规定而在更高立场上弥合上述分歧。在康德哲学中,作为一个领域概念的自然是指一切现象的总和。基于自然的视角,康德的世界概念表象的是自然的整体,在此意义上,世界概念被他定义为“诸现象的综合的绝对总体性”。然而,人们对于同一个自然整体可以形成三种不同的世界概念,三者之间的差异根本上源于参与表象活动的认识能力及其所遵循的先天原则的不同。具体来说,“绝对总体性”的表象只能由理性提供,“诸现象的综合”的表象由知性或想象力提供,而且这一综合可以按照自然的合规律性进行也可以按照自然的合目的性进行。按照上述要素不同方式的搭配,康德哲学中存在三种世界概念,它们分别包含于他的理论哲学、美学和自然目的论中。康德理论哲学中的世界概念表象着我们运用知性并按照自然的合规律性原则对自然中的诸现象进行逻辑的综合、同时理论理性为这一综合提供绝对总体性理念而呈现的世界。在前批判时期,出于捍卫总体性的目的,康德把一般世界区分为“可感世界”与“理知世界”,以此明确世界概念的二重性。他尝试统一该二重性的分裂,但由于此时他站在理性主义立场上把世界看作自在之物的领域,因此他最终得出的世界规定仍然偏重于合理性维度却没有真正纳入经验性维度。到了批判时期,通过严格区分知性与理性,康德获得了一个作为先验理念的批判的世界概念。根据这个规定,二重性是完整的世界概念内部固有的二元平衡结构。二律背反的根源和本质则在于这种平衡被打破,导致世界概念在理性主义方向上的“实在化”和在经验主义方向上的“虚无化”。借助先验观念论,康德最终把世界功能性地规定为一个调节性的宇宙论理念,它意味着理性向主体提出的不断扩展经验知识的要求。对世界的功能性规定是康德在哲学史上的一个革命性贡献。康德理论哲学中的世界概念表象的是一个形而上学对象,他在此重点关注的是世界概念本身的结构,与此相反,他的美学和自然目的论中的世界概念表象的则仅仅是人对世界的认识,他在此重点关注的是世界概念对人类心灵所具有的意义。康德美学中的世界概念表象着想象力对诸现象就其量和强力的直观杂多进行审美的(或者说感性的)综合、并在实践理性的指引下想象力达到能力的极限时所呈现的世界。这一概念对应的世界表象必然与崇高体验相伴随。由于想象力的综合可以分别针对自然的量和强力,因此相应地这个世界概念包含数学性与力学性两种内涵。想象力的综合与理性的指引共同构成这种世界概念的二重性结构,但此处的二重性结构有一个特殊之处,即理性在世界概念的数学性内涵中更倾向于理论性运用,在它的力学性内涵中则更倾向于实践性运用。理性的这种丰富运用的特征暗示出这种世界概念的本质,即它是实践的理念在感性上的表现(尽管不可能得到完全相称的表现)。正由于此,这种世界概念的意义在于,对它的运用有助于我们发现内心的超感性维度,从而推动我们向道德领域迈进。康德自然目的论中的世界概念表象着知性按照自然的客观合目的性原则对多样化的诸现象进行逻辑的综合、同时理性通过给出终极目的的理念而赋予该综合以绝对总体性而呈现的世界。在三种世界概念中,眼下这种所表象的世界最接近于人们的常识理解,因为其中的事物是日常语言中的“万物”即自然中的多样性事物。知性在目的概念下统一这些多样性事物,实践理性通过把作为道德主体的人设定为自然的终极目的而赋予上述统一以绝对总体性,这两者共同造就自然目的论的世界概念的二重性结构。这种世界概念的另一个特殊之处在于它突出理性的人与非理性的自然之间的亲缘关系从而把两者共同纳入了自身之中,因此对它的思考涉及人与自然的关系、即人在世界之中的位置的问题。这正是康德关于这种世界概念的关注重点。对这一概念的运用有助于人类明确自身在世界之中的恰当位置:一方面,人作为自然的最后目的而是所有自然事物的中心、作为自然的终极目的而是整个目的秩序所指向的最终聚焦点,但另一方面,人类出于对道德律的敬畏而必然把自然整体视为恩惠施予者,他们自身则是仰承自然恩惠才能体验到和培育起内心道德的接受者,换言之,康德把承认自然的伟大视为人类在经验世界中实现自身的伟大的前提条件。因此尽管康德秉持“人类中心主义”并且否认自然事物具有内在价值,但与当代环境伦理学的批评正相反,他的自然目的论中的世界概念及其相关思想仍然具有积极的环境伦理效应。更多还原

【Abstract】 "World" is a very important concept in the history of western philosophy as well as in Kant’s philosophy.Kant’s thinking on the concept of the world is based on the previous foundation,mainly reflected in :(1)since ancient Greece,philosophers have gradually changed the perspective of thinking about the world from facing the concrete beings to facing the world itself.To undertake this revolution,Kant was able to get rid of the fetters of physical attitude and think about the world thoroughly in a philosophical manner.(2)The differences between early modern empiricism and rationalism in understanding the world set the basic idea for Kant’s world thinking: to bridge these differences in a higher position by proposing new world regulations.In Kant’s philosophy,nature as a domain concept refers to the sum of all phenomena.From the perspective of nature,Kant’s concept of the world represents the whole of nature.In this sense,the concept of the world is defined as "the absolute totality of the synthesis of phenomena ".However,people can form three different world concepts for the same whole natura.The differences among them are fundamentally derived from the differences in the cognitive ability to participate in the representation activities and the innate principles followed.Specifically,the representation of "absolute totality" can only be provided by reason,and the representation of "synthesis of phenomena" is provided by understanding or imagination,and this synthesis can be carried out according to the regularity of nature or according to the purposiveness of nature.According to the collocation of the above elements in different ways,there are three world concepts in Kant’s philosophy,which are contained in his theoretical philosophy,aesthetics and natural teleology.The concept of the world in Kant’s theoretical philosophy represents a world in which we use understanding according to the principle of the lawfulness of the nature to synthesize the phenomena in nature logically,while theoretical rationality provides absolute totality for this synthesis.In the period of pre-criticism,for the purpose of defending totality,Kant divided the general world into "perceptible world" and "rational world ",so as to clarify the duality of world concept.He tried to unify the division of duality,but because he stood in the position of rationalism and regarded the world as the field of things-in-themselves,the world regulations he finally came up with still focused on the dimension of rationality but did not really incorporate the empirical dimension.In his critical period,Kant gained a critical world concept as a transcendental ideal by strictly distinguishing between understanding and reason.In this provision,duality is an inherent binary equilibrium structure within a complete world concept.The root and essence of the Antinomy is that the balance is broken,which leads to the "realization" of the world concept in the direction of rationalism and the "nihilization" in the direction of empiricism.With the aid of transcendental idealism,Kant finally defined the world as a regulating cosmological ideal,which means that the reason puts forward to the subject the requirement of expanding experimental knowledge continually.The functional regulation of the world is a revolutionary contribution of Kant in the history of philosophy.The concept of the world in Kant’s theoretical philosophy is a metaphysical object,and he specially focuses on the structure of the concept of the world itself.On the contrary,the concept of the world in his aesthetics and natural teleology is only the understanding of the world,and he specially focuses on the significance of the concept of the world to the human mind.The concept of the world in Kant’s aesthetics represents the world in which the imagination synthesizes the phenomena in terms of their quantity and strength and under the guidance of practical the imagination reaches the limit of its ability.This presentation of the world is accompanied by sublime experience.Because the synthesis of imagination can be aimed at the quantity and strength of nature,the concept of the world contains two connotations: mathematical and mechanical.The synthesis of imagination and the guidance of reason constitute the duality structure of this world concept,but the duality structure here has a special point,that is,reason is more inclined to theoretical application in the mathematical connotation of the world concept while is more inclined to practical application in mechanical connotation of the world concept.This rich using of reason implies the essence of this world concept,that is,it is the perceptual expression of the practical ideal(although it is impossible to be fully expressed).Exactly because of this,the meaning of this concept of the world is that the application of it helps us to discover the super-sensory dimension in our hearts,thus pushing us into the field of morality.The concept of the world in Kant’s teleological theory represents the world in which the understanding logically synthesis the various phenomena according to the objective purposiveness and the reason endow an absolute totality by give the ideal of ultimate purpose.Of the three kinds of world concepts,the world presented by the present kind is closest to our commonsensible understanding,because the things in it are "all",that is,the diversity of the nature.Understanding unify these diverse things under the concept of purpose and practical reason(which plays a theoretical role in the natural whole as a purposive system)endows the unity with absolute totality by setting the human as the moral subject as the ultimate purpose of nature.Together,the above two create the dual structure of the world concept of natural teleology.Another special feature of this world concept is that it highlights the affiliation of rational human and irrational nature and brings both into itself,so the thinking about it involves the relationship between human and nature,that is,the position of human in the world.This is Kant’s special attention about this concept of the world.The application of this concept helps to clarify the proper place of human in the world: on the one hand,human is the ultimate purpose [ein letzter Zweck] and the final purpose[Endzweck] of the nature and thus the unquestionable center of the world,but on the other hand,human must regard nature as a whole as a benefactor out of reverence of moral law and they themself are the recipient who experience and cultivate the morality in their heart only rely on the favor of the nature,in other words,Kant regards the recognition of the greatness of nature as a prerequisite for the realization of human’s greatness in the experimental world.So although Kant adheres to "anthropocentrism" and denies that natural things have intrinsic value,contrary to the criticism from contemporary environmental ethics,Kant’s concept of the world in his natural teleology and relevant theory still have positive environmental ethical effect.更多还原