【作者】 张婷；

【导师】 张国硕；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 中国史， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 先秦时期是中国古代建筑形成发展的重要阶段,考古发掘显示这一时期的建筑形式多样,建造技术也有了巨大发展。庭院建筑作为一种特定的建筑形态,在中原地区先秦时期经过了漫长的孕育、形成与发展过程。从事中原地区先秦庭院建筑研究,不仅有利于解决有关中原地区庭院建筑起源与发展问题存在的诸多疑窦,而且对于先秦城市及建筑史的研究也有着十分重要的学术意义。本文在前人研究的基础上,主要依据考古发现材料,结合历史文献记载,并注重多学科交叉的研究方法,对中原地区先秦庭院建筑的分类与规划布局、建造方法与技术、发展与演变历程、思想内涵与艺术特征等问题进行综合研究。全文共分七章:第一章为绪论。主要论述和界定“中原地区”、“先秦”、“庭院建筑”等与本文研究相关的概念,明晰研究对象与所涉及的时间、空间范围。并阐述本文的研究意义与研究方法,回顾梳理相关研究成果及不足之处和缺憾。第二章是先秦庭院建筑遗存的发现与确认。以所制定先秦庭院建筑的判断标准为依据,对中原地区考古发现的相关基址进行全面考察,确认出纳入本文研究范畴的庭院建筑遗存72处,其中新石器时代21处,夏代5处,商代33处,周代13处,并系统分析相关建筑基址的基本面貌。第三章为庭院建筑的分类与规划布局探讨。首先遵循相应原则,将考古发现的新石器时代庭院建筑遗存分为聚落中心类、早期宫室类和民居小院类三大类;夏商周时代庭院遗存建筑分为宫室宗庙类和官居衙署类两大类,推测应当还存在“民用类庭院建筑”。然后深入分析庭院建筑的各构成要素,总结出各类庭院建筑构成要素的使用情况与规律,认为新石器时代聚落中心类和民居小院类庭院建筑的构成要素简单,尚不完备,早期宫室类开始具备了庭院建筑所必须的基本要素;夏商周时代的宫室宗庙类和官居衙署类庭院建筑构成要素完备、形式丰富。最后根据构成要素的组织情况,进一步总结出庭院建筑具有组群建筑、封闭院落、中轴对称、前动后静和内向设置等规划布局特征。第四章是庭院建筑的建造技术解析。综合探讨中原地区先秦庭院建筑的建造方法、技术与材料,按照所涉及的房屋、院墙、院门、给排水设施、庭院、道路等构成要素,分别对所包含的构筑部分进行分析。台基的建造技术涉及一般夯筑方法与特殊处理方式,一般夯筑方法包括划定方位、挖筑基槽、分层夯实、垒夯成台、开槽置础、设立木柱、夯筑成型等流程;特殊处理方式是指在一般夯筑方法的基础上因地制宜进行加筑、增加相应工艺、分级建造或使用版筑技术等;所用的夯具主要为木质和石质两种。房屋墙体的建造主要有以壁为墙、木骨泥墙、夯土墙体和土坯墙体四种类型,这四种墙体既有单独使用也有组合使用。柱的设置主要包括墙外柱、墙内柱和附壁柱,中柱、檐柱和角柱等不同类型;柱础从材质上来看包括石质柱础、陶质柱础、夯土柱础三类;柱网结构经历了从无规律至有规律网格化序列的进化过程。新石器时代的庭院建筑中非窑洞式房屋的屋顶应当为四坡攒尖顶、双坡顶、蒙古包式圆尖顶等样式的坡屋顶,窑洞式房屋的穹窿式洞顶即屋顶,夏商周时代的宫室宗庙类庭院建筑建造有庑殿顶与重檐庑殿顶;周代以前屋面主要为“茅茨”,西周早期开始局部用瓦,东周开始大面积甚至可能全面用瓦覆盖屋顶。室内地面处理主要包括垫层加工和饰面两部分工艺,垫层处理方式大致包括涂抹泥浆材料、垫土夯实等,饰面为涂白灰面。院墙的建造根据墙体起建方式不同,可分为无基槽型和有基槽型两类。院门包括正门、进门与旁门的修建,主要涉及门道和门塾两部分的建造。给排水设施主要包括水井、水道、水池和渗井等的修建。庭院地面建造主要有天然踩踏、半地穴下挖、取土铺垫等方式;庭院道路按照铺设材质的不同,主要有土质道路和石质道路两种建造工艺。第五章是庭院建筑的发展与演变研究。通过对中原地区先秦庭院建筑发展阶段性的综合分析,认为仰韶时期是孕育期,原始形态的庭院建筑不断出现,经过长期孕育终于在仰韶晚期出现了真正意义上的庭院建筑;龙山时期是形成期,初步确立了庭院建筑作为统治阶层高等级建筑的一种重要形式,普通民众也开始尝试小型民居院落的建造;夏商时期是发展期,庭院建筑进一步发展,规模大、数量多;两周时期是成熟期,庭院建筑的发展与礼制紧密结合,形成了较为统一的制式。每个发展阶段庭院建筑所呈现的类别、规划布局和建造技术等方面各具特征。并进一步深入分析宫殿式庭院建筑在院落正门、主体殿堂、围护结构以及中轴对称布局等方面的进化与演变过程,认为中原地区的先秦宫殿式庭院建筑既一脉相承,不同时期又有各自的特点,奠定了我国传统“官式建筑”的基本格局。第六章是庭院建筑的思想内涵与艺术特征解析。从贵“中”崇“方”、端“正”求“合”、“虚”“实”相生、拱“卫”围“私”四个方面论述了庭院建筑的思想内涵;从庭院建筑的形式美、空间节奏与“动”“静”相宜之美三个方面剖析了其艺术特征,认为庭院建筑在提供物质居住功能的同时,还蕴含了深刻的精神追求与丰富的美学趣味。第七章是结语部分。对本文研究内容与成果进行概括和总结,并指出了尚存的不足之处以及未来的研究方向。更多还原

【Abstract】 The pre-Qin period is an important stage of the formation and development of ancient Chinese architecture.Archaeological excavation shows that there are various forms of architecture and great development of construction technology in this period.As a special architectural form,courtyard architecture has experienced a long process of germination,formation and development in the pre-Qin period of the Central Plains.It is not only helpful to solve many doubts about the origin and development of courtyard architecture in the Central Plains,but also of great academic significance to the study of the city and architectural history in the pre-Qin period.On the basis of previous studies,mainly based on archaeological discovery materials,combined with historical documents,and focusing on interdisciplinary research methods,this paper makes a comprehensive study on the classification,planning and layout,construction methods and technology,development and evolution process,ideological connotation and artistic characteristics of Pre-Qin courtyard buildings in the Central Plains.The paper consists of seven chapters:The first chapter is the introduction.This chapter mainly discusses and defines the concepts related to this study,such as "Central Plains","pre Qin","courtyard architecture",etc.,and clarifies the research object and the time and space scope involved.This paper expounds the research significance and research methods,reviews and combs the relevant research results and shortcomings.The second chapter is the discovery and confirmation of the remains of Pre-Qin courtyard architecture.On the basis of the criteria for judging the courtyard buildings in the pre-Qin period,this paper makes a comprehensive investigation of the relevant sites of archaeological discoveries in the Central Plains,and identifies 72 remains of courtyard buildings included in this study,including 21 in the Neolithic age,5 in the Xia Dynasty,33 in the Shang Dynasty and 13 in the Zhou Dynasty,and systematically sorts out the general situation of the relevant sites.The third chapter discusses the classification and layout of courtyard buildings.First of all,according to the corresponding basis,the remains of Neolithic courtyard buildings are divided into three categories:settlement center,early palace rooms and small courtyard houses.The remains of courtyard buildings in Xia,Shang and Zhou dynasties are divided into two categories:Palace,ancestral temple and government office.It is speculated that there should still be "civil courtyard architecture",but there is no unearthed object now.Then,based on the analysis of the elements of the courtyard architecture,the author summarizes the usage and rules of the elements of the courtyard architecture,and finds that the elements of the courtyard architecture of the Neolithic settlement center class and the small courtyard of the residential buildings are simple and incomplete,and the early palace class began to have the essential elements of the courtyard architecture;the palace class and the government office in the Xia,Shang and Zhou Dynasties Similar courtyard building has complete elements and rich forms.Finally,according to the organization of the elements,the paper further summarizes the layout characteristics of courtyard building,such as group building,closed courtyard,axial symmetry,front moving and back static and inward setting.The fourth chapter is the construction technology analysis of courtyard building.This paper comprehensively discusses the construction methods,technologies and materials of the pre-Qin courtyard buildings in the Central Plains,and analyzes the construction parts according to the related building,courtyard wall,courtyard gate,water supply and drainage facilities,courtyard,road and other components.The construction technology of stylobate involves general tamping methods and special treatment methods.The general tamping methods include orientating,excavating and building the foundation trench,tamping in layers,pile up the rammed earth to build a stylobate,slotting and placing the foundation,setting up wooden columns,tamping and forming and so on;Special treatment means that on the basis of general tamping methods,constructing extension structure according to local conditions,adding corresponding technology,and constructing the terraced structure from the bottom or applying board frame technology in rammed earth wall and so on;The materials of the rammers are mainly wood and stone.The construction of house walls mainly includes four types:wall of the cave dwelling,mud wall with wood frame,rammed earth wall and adobe wall,which are used separately or in combination.The setting of columns mainly includes columns outside the wall,wall columns and engaged columns,center columns,eaves columns,corner columns and other different types;The materials of the column foundation include stone,ceramic and rammed earth;The pattern of the column grid has undergone from irregular to regular sequence.In the courtyard architecture in Neolithic age,the roof of non-cave houses are four-slope pyramid roof,double slope roof or circular roof similar to mongolian yurt.The roof of cave house utilized dome shape.The courtyard architecture like palace and ancestral temple in Xia,Shang and Zhou Dynasties was built with hip roof and double eaves hip roof;Before the Zhou Dynasty,the roof material was mainly thatch.In the early Western Zhou Dynasty,the roof was partially covered with tile,and since Eastern Zhou Dynasty,tile was used to cover a large area of a roof or even a whole roof.Indoor ground treatment mainly includes underlayment layer processing and finishing process.The ground underlayment layer treatment methods roughly include applying mud materials,pad soil compaction and so on;and the finishing is coated with lime.The construction of the courtyard wall can be divided into two types:no trenched foundation or foundation without trench.The gate of the courtyard includes the construction of the main gate,entrance gate and side gate,mainly involving the construction of doorway and attached structure of the door.Water supply and drainage facilities mainly include the construction of wells,waterways,pools and seepage wells.The ground construction of the courtyard mainly includes trampling,digging semi underground cave,paving with soil and so on;There are two kinds of materials for the roads in the courtyard:soil and stone.The fifth chapter is the development and evolution of courtyard architecture.Through a comprehensive analysis of the development stages of pre-Qin courtyard architecture in the Central Plains,it is believed that the Yangshao period is the incubation period,in which the original form of courtyard buildings continues to appear,after a long period of incubation,finally in the late Yangshao period,the sophisticate form of courtyard architecture appeared;the Longshan period is the formation period,which initially established the courtyard architecture as an important form of higher-level buildings for the ruling class,ordinary people also began to try to build small residential courtyards;the Xia Shang period is a period of development,during this period,courtyard buildings were further developed with large scale and large quantities.Zhou dynasty is the period of maturity.The development of courtyard architecture is closely integrated with the ceremonial system to form relatively unified system.At each stage of development,courtyard buildings present different characteristics in terms of types,planning layouts and construction techniques.It further analyzes the evolution process of palace-style courtyard architecture in terms of the main entrance of the courtyard,the main hall,the enclosure structure and the axial symmetrical layout.It believes that the forms of pre-Qin palace-style courtyard architecture in the Central Plains are not only sharing the same origin,but also have their own characteristics in different periods.It is laying the basic pattern of traditional "palace architecture" in China.The sixth chapter is the analysis of the ideological connotation and artistic characteristics of courtyard architecture.This paper discusses the ideological connotation of courtyard architecture from four aspects:valuing "centre" and advocating "square",seeking "harmony" from "positive","virtual" and "real" living together,provide "defense" and surrounding "private".It analyzes its artistic characteristics from three aspects:the formal beauty of courtyard architecture,the spatial rhythm and the beauty suitable for "dynamic" and "static".It holds that while providing material living function,courtyard architecture also contains profound His spiritual pursuit and rich aesthetic interest.The seventh chapter is the conclusion.This paper summarizes the contents and achievements of this study,and points out the shortcomings and future research directions.更多还原