【作者】 杨扬；

【导师】 王东；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 中国史， 2021， 博士

【副题名】晚清客家研究的历程

【摘要】 本文撷取晚清客家研究的历程作为研究对象,采用知识转型的视角,论述了客家研究从一种“地方性知识”上升为现代人文学术语境下的“客家学”的演化过程及其变迁动力。研究发现,几代客家知识精英之所以要不断地从事客家源流的探讨和客家历史文化的研究,最根本的原因是由于受到种种外在的刺激。在20世纪以前,这种刺激主要表现为华南地区的土客矛盾与冲突,以及因这类矛盾与冲突而来的周边人群对客家人的歧视甚至敌意。进入20世纪以后,这种外在的刺激,主要表现为基于现代“种族”观念的文字上的“冒犯”。正是由于受到这一系列的外在刺激,几代客家知识精英,遂以追溯源流为旨归,以整理乡邦历史文化为路径,开启了一条绵延不绝而又日新月异的研究传统。这一研究传统的开凿及其延展,一方面与19世纪以降客家人自我意识不断增强的历史趋势相契合,另一方面也和客家这个群体在中国近代社会变革中所担当的角色相对应。二者此呼彼应,相互激发,从而把关于客家历史文化的书写,由传统的个人论说和友朋间的诗文唱和,进而推向志乘的编纂和乡土教材的撰修,并最终推向了群体关注、人人言说的高度。几代客家知识精英围绕着客家源流及其历史文化所发展起来的论说,之所以能够从一种“地方性知识”上升成为现代人文学术语境下的“客家学”,是因为他们所建构的一整套知识和话语,在近代中国社会的发展进程中,与各种重大的时代性议题恰相契合,并经由各种时代性议题的切入和摩荡,从而上升成为具有公共性或普遍性的论题。其中,太平天国运动和咸同年间的土客大械斗,把区域性的族际矛盾与冲突,放大成为全国性的公共事件。西方传教士的“书写”,“种族”“民族”等现代西方人种学和民族学等术语与概念的引入,又恰逢其时地为客家知识分子提供了各种“时尚”的概念工具。在19世纪末至20世纪初的特定背景之下,客家知识分子经由这些概念工具所建构的知识与话语,与“救亡保种”“生存竞争”“和齐民族”“排满革命”等不断切换的时代性议题恰相契合。这种恰相契合看似偶然,实则隐含着人文知识建构与社会变革之间互动共生的内在逻辑。故而,本研究不仅能够加深对客家研究学术史的认识,而且对于理解现代学术语境下人文知识的建构、生产与社会变革之间错综复杂的关系,也有着重要的学术意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 This dissertation takes the history of Hakka studies in the late Qing Dynasty as the research object,adopts the perspective of the transformation of knowledge,and discusses the evolution and changes of Hakka studies from a kind of "Local Knowledge" to "Hakkaology" in the context of modern humanistic terminology.power.This research have found that the most fundamental reason why several generations of Hakka intellectual elites have to continue to engage in the study of Hakka origins and Hakka history and culture is due to various external stimulations.Before the 20th century,this stimulus was mainly manifested in the contradictions and conflicts between the aborigines and the Hakka in South China,as well as the discrimination and even hostility of the surrounding people against the Hakkas due to such contradictions and conflicts.After entering the 20th century,this external stimulus mainly manifested itself as a literal "offense" based on the modern concept of "race".It is precisely because of this series of external stimuli that several generations of Hakka intellectual elites,with the purpose of tracing their origins and organizing the history and culture of the villages and states,have opened up a continuous and ever-changing research tradition.The excavation and extension of this research tradition,on the one hand,is consistent with the historical trend of the ever-increasing self-awareness of Hakkas since the 19th century,and on the other hand,it also corresponds to the role played by the Hakka group in the social transformation of modern China.The two respond to each other and stimulate each other,so that the writing about Hakka history and culture will be promoted to the compilation of local gazetteers and the compilation of local teaching materials from traditional personal theories and poems between friends.To the height of group attention,everyone talks.The theories developed by generations of Hakka intellectual elites around the origins of Hakka and its history and culture are able to rise from a kind of "Local knowledge" to "Hakkaology" in the context of modern humanistic terms,because they have constructed a set of knowledge and discourses fit in with various major contemporary issues in the development process of modern Chinese society,and through the penetration and turmoil of various contemporary issues,they have risen to become public or universal.topic.Among them,the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Hakka-Punti war during the Xianfeng and Tongzhi period magnified regional conflicts and conflicts into national public events.The introduction of modern Western ethnography and ethnology terms and concepts such as "writing","race" and "nation" by Western missionaries has provided Hakka intellectuals with various "fashion" conceptual tools at the right time.Under the specific background from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century,the knowledge and discourse constructed by the Hakka intellectuals through these conceptual tools coincided with the constant switching of contemporary issues such as "salvation and protection of species","competition for survival","unity of nation" and "revolution of repelling Manchu".Fit together.This coincidence seems to be accidental,but in fact it implies the internal logic of interaction and symbiosis between the construction of humanistic knowledge and social change.Therefore,this research can not only deepen the understanding of the academic history of Hakka studies,but also has important academic significance for understanding the intricate relationship between the construction of humanistic knowledge,production and social change in the context of modern academic terms.更多还原