【作者】 白春江；

【导师】 李颖；

【作者基本信息】 大连海事大学 ， 交通信息工程及控制， 2022， 博士

【摘要】 船舶运输是最经济的国际运输方式。在全球及我国航运繁荣发展的同时,不得不面临的一个重要问题就是船舶带来的污染。与公海相比,近海沿岸地区的港口、航道及锚地的船舶密度大并靠近人口稠密区,增加的船舶污染将带来更大的环境压力。针对船舶近岸排放情况进行全面的检测,是海上交通信息检测和监测不可或缺的组成部分,能够使船舶排放有更加直观的体现,可为船舶控油、控速、减排等水上交通运输防控技术的实现提供数据及技术参考,同时获得准确的排放数据是有效实施排放控制措施的重要前提条件。本文立足于IMO以及我国对海上运输中船舶排放监管与船舶减排控制的客观需求,以主要影响空气质量的船舶排放典型污染物为研究对象,分别开展了船舶排放气体和排放干散货颗粒物的检测试验,本文成果主要包括:（1）在船舶排放气体特征获取方面,选取了一艘典型的中国近岸航行船舶,在主机烟道开口搭建了一套适合海船排放的检测平台;采集了从靠泊、港内机动、航道增速机动、巡航、抛锚前减速和锚泊6个近岸复杂船舶工况下的航行数据及污染排放数据;分析了船舶尾气中O₂、NO_X、SO₂、CO₂、CO在不同工况下的排放浓度特征,揭示了尾气排放浓度随时间、船速、主机功率、燃油性质等因素之间的对应关系;利用多元线性回归最小二乘法建立了测试船舶SO₂排放浓度的拟合模型,采用z-schore标准化数据处理,得出了影响主机烟道中SO₂浓度的主要因素为主机负荷以及燃油硫含量;建立了排放气体在不同工况下基于主机功率的排放因子,补充了该类型船舶在国内排放检测中,特别是近岸锚泊工况下排放数据的缺失;对比中国近海船舶已获得的排放因子以及国内港口排放清单中主要采用的国际通用因子,发现部分气体的国际通用因子不适合本地化使用,需要进行更多的国内排放测试试验;针对目前排放监管存在的问题,基于测试船舶S/C（SO₂/CO₂）浓度比值与S N（SO₂/NO_X）浓度比值之间的相关性,建立了S/N比值与船舶燃油硫含量（Fuel Sulfur Content,FSC）之间的新估算模型,新模型在船舶定速巡航工况下可较准确的估算FSC值。（2）在船舶气体排放量计算方面,针对当前常用计算方法中近岸靠泊和锚泊等工况被忽略掉的问题,提出了一种减小估算误差的融合方法,充分考虑了船舶在停泊和低速航行时,以及在船速较高的机动和定速巡航工况时的不同排放特征;基于目前可获取的船舶数据,改进了主机实际输出功率的计算公式,验证表明所提出的方法在减少不确定性的同时,可获得污染物在不同工况下较准确的排放量;针对近岸船舶减排的快速实施以及智能船舶的降速减排控制,本文利用测试船舶主机功率与船速和油耗之间分别存在指数及对数变化关系的特征,提出了针对不同船舶的减速控制方案,为近岸减排控制提供了新思路。（3）在船舶排放干散货颗粒物的特征检测方面,开展了国内外少有研究的中国北方真实海冰条件下的模拟试验,通过对海冰-煤粉颗粒像元反射率的现场测量,获得了不同厚度海冰以及不同污染程度海冰的光谱反射数据,揭示了海冰-煤粉颗粒混合像元的特征可以用线性混合像元来描述,通过选取1600nm～1630nm宽波段平均反射率,较精确地估算了海冰-煤粉像元中煤粉颗粒的几何截面积比例;通过对比发现纯冰、煤粉、铁粉和石油的反射率光谱存在较大差别,可以较好的区分开单一污染物种类;本文的研究结果为利用遥感手段对我国北方海域海冰表面干散货颗粒物污染的检测,提供了重要的基础数据和可行方法。更多还原

【Abstract】 As ship transportation is the most economical international transportation mode for most goods.While the world and China’s shipping is developin prosperously,an important problem we have to solve is the pollution caused by ships.Compared with the high seas,the coastal waters are close to the populated areas and the density of ships in ports,waterways and anchorages is higher.Serious environmental pollution from industrialization and the additional increase of ship pollution will raise greater environmental pressure.A comprehensive inspection of ships’near-shore emission is indispensable in marine traffic information detection and monitoring.It can make ship emissions more intuitive,and provide data and technical support for the realization of water transportation pollution prevention and control technologies such as ship oil control,speed control and emission reduction.At the same time,obtaining accurate emission data is an important prerequisite for the effective implementation of emission control measures.Based on the objective requirement of ship pollution supervision and reduction control in current transportation from IMO and China,the thesis takes the typical pollutants emitted by ships that mainly affect air quality as the research object,and carries out the detection experiments of ship emission gaseous pollution and particles pollution respectively.The results of this thesis mainly include:（1）In terms of ship gaseous emission characteristics,a typical Chinese near-shore ship is selected.A set of platforms suitable for the detection of pollutant emissions of sea-going ships are built at the main engine flue opening.Ship navigation data and pollution emission data of 6complete operating conditions are collected,including berthing,in-port maneuver,channel speed-up maneuver,cruising,deceleration before anchoring and anchoring.The emission concentration characteristics of O₂,NO_X,SO₂,CO₂,and CO in ship exhaust under different operating conditions are analyzed.Moreover,the corresponding relationship between exhaust emission concentration,ship speed,engine power and oil are shown.The fitting model for the SO₂ emission concentration of the ship is established by the multiple linear regression least square method.The z-schore standardized data processing is used to verify that the main factors affecting the SO₂ concentration in the main engine flue are the main engine load and fuel sulfur content.Because the emission detection of ships is expensive and difficult,and the actual emission data is relatively scarce.This study obtains the emission factors of emission pollutants based on the engine power under different operating conditions,and the research results supplement the lack of emission data for the local emission detection of this type of ships,especially that under near-shore mooring conditions.Compare with the emission factors obtained by Chinese coastal ships and the main international common factors used in the domestic port emission inventory,it is found that the international common factors of some pollutants are not suitable for localized use,and need to be further research.In view of the current problems in emission regulation,based on the correlation between the concentration ratio of S/C（SO₂/C O₂）and the concentration ratio of S/N（SO₂/NO_X）,a new model was established between the ratio and the fuel sulfur content（FSC）of ships.The new model can accurately estimate the FSC value under the cruising condition of the ship.（2）In terms of ship gaseous emission estimation,a new coordination method is proposed to reduce the estimation error,which can solve the problem that the near-shore berthing and anchoring conditions are often ignored in the current ship emissions calculated by the dynamic method.This method fully considers the different emission characteristics of ships in berthing and low-speed navigation,as well as in maneuvering conditions and constant speed cruise conditions with high ship speed.Based on the currently available ship data.The estimation formula of the actual engine power is improved.The experiment verification shows that the proposed method can obtain more accurate emissions of pollutants under different operating conditions while reducing uncertainty.Aiming at the important issues of rapid implementation of nearshore ship emission reduction and intelligent ship speed reduction and emission reduction control,a ship speed reduction method is proposed by using the exponential and logarithmic relationship between the test ship’s main engine power,ship speed and fuel consumption.The method provides a new way to reduce the emission of near-shore ships.（3）In terms of the characteristic detection of the pollution of dry bulk particles,the simulation experiment under real sea ice conditions of north China Sea,which is rarely studied at home and abroad,has been carried out.Through the on-site measurement of the reflectivity of sea ice-pulverized coal particles,the results are obtained.Based on the spectral reflectance data of sea ice with different pollution levels,it is found that the characteristics of the mixed pixels of sea ice and coal particles can be described by linear mixed pixels.By selecting the average reflectance in the 1600nm～1630nm wide band,the geometric cross-sectional area ratio of the pulverized coal particles in the sea ice-pulverized coal pixel is more accurately estimated under the influence of the sea ice background reflectance.The research results of this thesis provide important basic data and feasible methods for remote detection of pulverized coal particle pollution on large-scale sea ice surface.更多还原