【作者】 陈静；

【导师】 钱宗武；

【作者基本信息】 扬州大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 文言和白话是汉语书面语的两大系统,在古代汉语阶段,文言处于书面语的核心地位,直到上世纪初的五四新文化运动时期,这种局面才发生了彻底的改变。在“五四”的时间节点上,汉语书面语产生了文白转型的重大变革,因而这一时期的语言现象具有重要的研究价值,尤其是词汇方面变化最为显著,值得引起广泛关注。鲁迅是中国现代文学的奠基人,他的作品被视为典范的现代白话文著作,也是研究初期现代汉语词汇的典型语料。而在鲁迅众多作品中,《呐喊》不仅是第一部,也是鲁迅最看重、发行量远超十万、在民国教材中覆盖面极广的白话文小说集,更具有代表性。基于上述背景,本课题选择鲁迅的小说集《呐喊》作为专书语料,并以此为一个横断面,以词汇为切入点,考察五四文白转型期现代汉语词汇的特征面貌。首先,在分词基础上,建立《呐喊》词汇与词义语料库,经过穷尽性地统计,我们发现《呐喊》词汇的总体面貌特征:第一,在词汇属性上,《呐喊》词汇处于初期现代汉语阶段,仍有古代汉语词汇的遗留,不是纯粹的现代汉语词汇。《呐喊》存在少量的古代汉语词汇,这些词语有些在现代汉语中已经不再是词,而是单音节的语素,有些文言色彩词现在已经被白话色彩的新词语所代替。第二,在词类分布、词频特征和词形上,《呐喊》词汇与现代汉语词汇在词类分布和词频特征上存在较高的相似性。在词形上呈现一定差异,出现了 58个异形词和20个异序词,反映了初期现代汉语词汇词形规范化方面存在的问题。第三,在词汇音节特点上,《呐喊》各词类最高频词以单音节词居多,大多是传承下来的基本词汇,但词汇复音化趋势明显,一般词汇双音节占优势;出现了较多单、双音节同义词交替使用的情况,其中的双音节白话词有些已经处于上风,有些刚开始使用,频次较低,从中可以看出现代汉语以双音节词占据主体的特征。其次,特殊词汇的使用集中体现了鲁迅建构现代白话文的词汇观念,也是鲁迅文学个性的表现。本课题对特殊词汇进行了重点研究,经过反复查证、辨别和穷尽性统计,我们从来源属性的角度将《呐喊》特殊词汇划分为新质和旧质词语类型,分别论述其概念的界定、来源分布、音节特征、构词特点、构词理据、语义类型、新词新义生成的机制等方面。并将语言研究与文学研究相融合,从语言风格形成要素之一词汇的角度,从语用方面探讨《呐喊》特殊词汇的使用对鲁迅文风的影响。第一类外来词语和新造词语充满时代气息,在作品中使用可以描写新事物、新概念,表现新思想、新观念,增加作品的时代色彩与外来色彩,令鲁迅文风新鲜异质。尤其是外来词中的日语借词,在这一时期对汉语词汇的新生产生了非常重要的影响。第二类地域方言词语和俗语是来源于大众口中的活的语言,展现了地方色彩与民间智慧,具有口语色彩和通俗性,令鲁迅文风生动平实。第三类古语词和成语是来自于古代汉语的书面词语,适用于书面语体,具有艺术色彩,令鲁迅文风古雅庄重、反讽幽默。最后,通过对《呐喊》词汇进入现代汉语的情况的分析,我们发现《呐喊》绝大部分词汇进入了现代汉语,其中28.9%进入了现代汉语常用词,占常用词表词语数量的55%,这不仅说明《呐喊》词汇总体上表现为现代汉语词汇的性质,而且也体现出汉语词汇的稳固性,这些常用词是现代汉语基本词汇的主体。《呐喊》基本词汇与一般词汇身份既具有稳固性,又存在变异机制。《呐喊》基本词汇有400多个进入现代汉语常用词,有70多个变为一般词汇;《呐喊》一般词汇中的特殊词汇有119个进入现代常用词,有超过80%的特殊词汇进入现代汉语,其他一般词汇多为传承词,说明《呐喊》中的初期现代汉语词汇与现代汉语之间存在着许多共性,但由于使用度的变化,词汇的身份性质在几十年间也发生了不少变化,存在一定的差异。此外,词典编纂对于词汇的传承与发展演变有着极为重要的作用,《汉语大词典》是我国目前最权威的大型语文工具书,非常注重书证的典范性,而鲁迅作品素以经典著称,传播力广泛深远,因而被其大量引证。我们以《呐喊》词汇为例观察鲁迅作品词汇的影响,发现《呐喊》词汇有218个在《汉语大词典》对应词条中以鲁迅作品用例作为首例书证,有541个以鲁迅作品为非首例书证。鲁迅作品书证对于《汉语大词典》编纂起到了非常重要的积极作用,并对《现代汉语大词典》的引证条目产生了重要的影响,让汉语词汇得以延续继承,并在继承中发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese are two major systems of written Chinese.In ancient Chinese,classical Chinese was at the core of written Chinese.It was not until the May 4th New Culture Movement at the beginning of the last century that this situation changed completely.At the time node of May Fourth,the Chinese written language produced a significant transformation from classical to vernacular,so the language phenomenon of this period has important research value,especially in terms of vocabulary changes are most significant,worthy of wide attention.Lu Xun is the founder of modern Chinese literature,his works are regarded as a model of modern vernacular works,and is also a typical corpus for the study of early modern Chinese vocabulary.Among Lu Xun’s numerous works,Call to Arms is not only the first,but also the most valued by Lu Xun,with a circulation of well over 100,000 and a wide coverage in the textbooks of the Republic of China.It is more representative.Based on the above background,this topic chooses Lu Xun’s collection Call to Arms as the corpus of the specific book,and takes this as a cross section,taking vocabulary as the entry point,to investigate the characteristics of modern Chinese vocabulary during the May Fourth transformation period of Classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese.First of all,On the basis of word segmentation,through the establishment of the corpus of words and meanings of Call to Arms,after exhaustive statistics,we find the overall features of the words of Call to Arms.First,in terms of lexical attributes,it is in the early modern Chinese stage,there are still ancient Chinese words left over,not pure modern Chinese words.There are a small number of ancient Chinese words in the Call to Arm.s.Some of these words are no longer words in Modern Chinese,but are monosyllabic morphemes.Some of the classical Chinese colored words have been replaced by vernacular new words.Second,in terms of the distribution of word classes,the characteristics of word frequency and morphology,there is a high similarity between the words of Call to Arms and modern Chinese words in terms of the distribution of word classes and the characteristics of word frequency.There are 58 word variants and 20 reverse words,which reflect the problems existing in the formalization of early modern Chinese words.Third,in terms of syllable characteristics,most of the most frequent words in Call to Arms are monosyllabic words,most of which are basic words inherited from us,but the trend of polyphonic words is obvious,and the general words are disyllabic words.Many single and disyllabic synonyms are used alternately,among which some disyllabic vernacular words are already in the ascendant,while some are just beginning to be used with a low frequency.It can be seen that modern Chinese is dominated by disyllabic words.Secondly,the use of special words concentrates on Lu Xun’s vocabulary concept of constructing modern vernacular Chinese,and it is also the expression of Lu Xun’s literary personality.This topic focuses on the study of special words.After repeated verification,discrimination and exhaustive statistics,we divide the special words in Call to Arms into new quality words and old quality words from the perspective of source attribute,and discuss the definition of their concepts,source distribution,syllable characteristics,word formation characteristics,word formation motivation,semantic types,and the mechanism of neologism and neologism generation.By integrating language studies with literature studies,this paper discusses the influence of the use of special words in Call to Arms on Lu Xun’s style of writing from the perspective of vocabulary,one of the elements of language style formation.The first type of foreign words and newly created words are full of the flavor of The Times.When used in his works,they can describe new things and new concepts,express new thoughts and new concepts,increase the color of The Times and foreign colors in his works,and make Lu Xun’s style fresh and exotic.Especially the Japanese loanwords in this period had a very important influence on the new Chinese vocabulary.The second type of regional dialect words and common sayings are living languages derived from the public,showing local color and folk wisdom,oral color and popularity,making Lu Xun’s style vivid and plain.The third type of archaic words and idioms are written words from ancient Chinese,which are suitable for written style and artistic color,making Lu Xun’s style elegant,solemn,ironic and humorous.Finally,through the analysis of the situation in which the words of Call to Arms have entered Modern Chinese,we find that most of the words of it have entered Modern Chinese,of which 28.9%have entered modern Chinese common words,accounting for 55%of the number of words in the common words list.This not only shows that the words of Call to Arms in general show the nature of modern Chinese words.But also reflects the stability of Chinese vocabulary,these common words are the main body of Modern Chinese basic vocabulary.The identity of basic words and general words in Call to Arms has both stability and variation mechanism.More than 400 basic words of it have entered modern Chinese common words,and more than 70 have become general words.There are 119 special words in the general vocabulary of Call to Arms that have entered modern common words,and more than 80%of the special words have entered modern Chinese.Other general words are mostly inherited words,indicating that there are many commonalities between the early modern Chinese words in Call to Arms and modern Chinese.However,due to the change of usage degree,the identity and nature of words have also changed a lot over the decades.There are certain differences.In addition,the compilation of dictionaries plays an extremely important role in the inheritance,development and evolution of vocabulary.The Great Chinese Dictionary is the most authoritative large Chinese reference book at present,and it attaches great importance to the exemplary character of documentary evidence.Lu Xun’s works are famous for their classic and far-reaching dissemination power,so they are widely cited by The Great Chinese Dictionary.We take the words of Call to Arms as an example to observe the influence of the words of Lu Xun’s works.We find that 218 words of Call to Arms in the corresponding entries of The Great Chinese Dictionary use cases of Lu Xun’s works as the first documentary evidence,and 541 words take Lu Xun’s works as non-first documentary evidence.The documentary evidence of Lu Xun’s works plays a very important and positive role in the compilation of The Great Chinese Dictionary,and has an important influence on the citation entries of The Great Modern Chinese Dictionary,so that Chinese words can continue to inherit and develop in the inheritance.更多还原