【作者】 洪流；

【导师】 张智辉；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 刑事法学 律师学与证据学， 2021， 博士

【摘要】 2010年的“药家鑫案”引发了国内对激情杀人犯罪问题的广泛关注。理论上,激情杀人作为激情犯罪的一种典型形式,可以将其定义为行为人因受刺激事件影响而产生激情,并在此精神状态下实施的杀人行为。激情杀人首先需要满足故意杀人罪的基本犯罪构成,即一般主体主观上具有非法剥夺他人生命的故意,客观上实施了剥夺他人生命的行为,客体上严重侵犯了被害人的生命权。其次,构成激情杀人还必须客观上存在刺激事件,并且行为主观上因为刺激事件而处于激情状态中,造成行为人辨认能力和控制能力的短暂下降。激情杀人在主客观方面的这些特点决定了激情杀人所具有的行为特性。一方面,激情杀人客观上要求杀人行为是他人的刺激行为所诱发,决定了激情杀人的发生不由行为人事先所决定,具有突发性和被动性。另一方面,激情杀人主观上要求行为人处于强烈的、爆发性的情激情状态,使得在这种情绪状态下所实施的杀人行为也相应具有无节制性和当场性。同时,激情杀人作为故意杀人罪的一种形式,存在应当承担一定的刑事责任行为依据、罪过依据和主体依据。在“激情状态产生——犯罪行为实施”这一阶段,行为人是在控制力下降的情况下做出的杀人行为,因此行为人只应在有限的自由范围内承担有限的刑事责任。在“刺激事件发生——激情状态产生”阶段,自我强制和文化强制各自发挥作用的多少决定了行为人不产生激情情绪的期待可能性的大小,进而决定了随之伴生的过激行为是否具有一定的可宽恕性。在我国司法实践中,法官在认定激情杀人时主要考虑是否存在预谋、是否存在被害人过错、被告人是否情绪激动、行为是否具有积极性或者其他因素。但在具体认定中存在认定标准不一和认定思路不清晰的问题。而且,在激情杀人情节认定成立的案件中,由于控、辩、审三方所持立场不同,再加上司法实践中对于“激情”以及“激情杀人”的理解存在分歧,没有形成统一的认识,使得实践中人们对激情杀人的理解和接纳程度存在较大的差异。一方面,激情杀人对量刑的影响具有一定的深度。在激情杀人情节认定成立的案件中,被告人的刑罚有明显的从轻趋势,尤其是被判死刑的比例在各类比较中都有所下降。另一方面,激情杀人对量刑的影响却存在广度不够的情况。激情杀人对量刑的实际作用仅限于法官认可了激情杀人情节的案件中。事实上,在大量案件中虽然辩护人提出了激情杀人的情节,但检察官对被告人是否属于激情杀人并不十分关注,法官也没有对此给出足够的重视。总之,我国不仅在理论上对激情杀人的认识不一,而且司法实践中也缺乏明确的司法指导,造成我国激情杀人司法适用的混乱情况。这种现状严重不利于我国刑法公正的实现。在故意杀人罪的司法实践中应重视激情杀人情节的认定,这是对刑法谦抑性、公平性和平等性原则的遵循和贯彻。鉴于此,我们建议可以对《刑法》232条增设第2款:“行为人因受到刺激事件影响产生激情情绪,导致辨认能力和控制能力下降而实施杀人行为的,处七年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑或者死刑;被害人存在重大过错的,处七年以下三年以上有期徒刑”。司法上,我们应当做到思想上统一认识,将是否存在激情情绪作为认定激情杀人的核心因素。在方法上明确认定思路,通过外在行为的特点,逻辑清晰地推断内在的情绪状态,正确陈述激情杀人的认定或否定理由。更多还原

【Abstract】 The “Yao Jiaxin case” in 2010 aroused widespread attention to the heat of passion homicide in China.The core characteristic of heat of passion homicide should be "passion".Therefore,we can define the heat of passion homicide as the crime committed by the criminal who is stimulated by the victim’s behavior.But whether the victim has fault and the degree of fault will have an important and even decisive impact on the criminal responsibility of the passion offender.As a typical form of crime of passion,heat of passion homicide can be defined as the act of homicide committed by the perpetrator under the men tal state of passion caused by the influence of stimulating events.Heat of passion homicide first needs to meet the basic criminal constitution of intentional homicide,that is,the general subject subjectively has the intention of illegally depriving oth ers of life,objectively carries out the act of depriving others of life,and the object seriously violates the victim’s right to life.At the same time,to constitute heat of passion homicide,there must be an objective stimulus event,and the perpetrator is subjectively in a state of passion because of the stimulus event,resulting in a temporary decline in the ability to recognize and control.On the one hand,heat of passion homicide objectively requires that the killing is induced by other people’s stimulat ing behavior,which determines that the occurrence of killing is not determined by the actor in adv ance,with sudden and passive.On the other hand,heat of passion homicide subjectively requires the perpetrator to be in a strong and explosive state of passion,so that the killing behavior carried out immoderately and immediately in this emotional state.As a form of intentional homicide,heat of passion homicide has certain basis of criminal responsibility,guilty and subject.In the stage of “the generation of the state of passion--the implementation of the crime”,the perpetrator committed the homicide under the condition of declining control,so the perpetrator should only bear limited criminal responsibility within the limited scope of freedom.In the stage of“stimulus event occurrence--passion state generation”,the extent to which self-compulsion and cultural compulsion play their respective roles determines the possibility of expectation that the actor will not produce passion,and then determine s whether the accompanying excessive behavior is forgivable to a certain ex tent.In practice,the cases of heat of passion homicide have characteristics in two aspects: emotional type and stimulating event type.The judge will consider whether there is premeditation,whether there is fault of the victim,whether the defendant is emotional,whether the behavior is active or other factors as the core basis for the definition of heat of passion homicide,so there are problems of inconsistent definition standards and unclear definition methods.However,the impact of heat of passion homicide on sentencing is only relative,not absolute,so it cannot be arbitrarily considered that the immediate execution of death penalty can be completely avoided.Although the de fendant’s state of passion at the time of intentional homicide has a significant influence on the judge’s sentencing to a certain extent,the extent of this influence is limited.In the judicial practice of the crime of intentional homicide,the recognitio n of heat of passion homicide is to follow and carry out the charact eristics of modesty,fairness and equality of criminal law.In view of this,we can add paragraph 2 to Article 232 of the Criminal Law: “If the perpetrator commits a homicide because of the influence of the stimulating event,resulting in the decline of re cognition and control ability,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than seven years,life imprisonment or death;If the victim has committed major faults,he shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than seven year s but not more than three years”.But legislation is a long process,and the existing legal framework also provides room for the application of passionate homicide.We should achieve ideological unity of understanding,the existence of passion as the core factor to identify heat of passion homicide.In terms of methods,we should clearly identify the idea,logically and clearly infer the internal emotional state through the characteristics of external behavior,and correctly state the identification or ne gation reasons of heat of passion homicide.Under the existing legal provisions,we advocate that the defendant of heat of passion homicide should be sentenced to life imprisonment or more than ten years fixed-term imprisonment in general,and then the victim’s fault should be taken as the cursor to revise and adjust the final sentencing.For culture-compulsion heat of passion homicide,it should be considered as “minor”in the crime of intentional homicide and may be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of not less than three years but not more than ten years;the perpetrator of self-compulsion heat of passion homicide shall not be given a light punishment,but should be severely punished within the scope of legal punishment.更多还原