【作者】 张静；

【导师】 颜青山；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 外国哲学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 在道德生活中,我们不可避免的被“规范性”概念赋予一种思考和行动的好坏价值标准,规范伦理的主要目标就在于规范和指导人们合理的行动。人们能否以及如何做出合理的规范性判断在道德哲学研究和生活实践中愈发重要。作为道德争论中非认知主义的代表艾伦·吉伯德(Allan Gibbard),以规范表达主义立场应对了关于道德规范的问题,在处理道德“规范性”与“合理性”的过程中提出并论证了一种“规范性判断”理论。他基于对道德的规范性逻辑、规范性心理情感、规范性知识,以及规范性行动的考察,试图建立一个依赖于规范表达的道德判断体系。在他看来,人们判断行为或事件的正确与否,或者表达是否赞同的态度时,离不开道德信念,而这种道德信念的感受是“有凭据的”。它使得人们实际上处于预先接受了一套规范体系的心理状态之中。人们的情感反应和道德判断都是根据这样的规范体系在进行。这种理想化的规范体系并不容易达成,因为它至少面临着几个难题:首先,一种规范性的道德认识是否能够转变为规范性的知识。其次,人们的道德直觉在逻辑上是相互矛盾的,我们需要尝试将人们互相冲突的直觉导向一致性的目标。其三,在人们的道德生活和社会交往中,我们能否促使他们真正接受规范性系统从而达到一个道德共识。其四,规范性判断的效力能否激发人们从合理的推理贯彻到规范化的行动。艾伦·吉伯德的“规范性判断”理论涵盖了两大主题的探究:寻找共识的规范化表达和惩罚性道德情感的适当性。这两个主题与他的规范逻辑体系、合理性的判断以及道德感觉直接相关,于吉伯德是用非认知主义的态度来分析规范性与合理性,因此他对道德判断的分析也是非认知主义的。他将“规范性”判断还原为特殊的关于“合理性”的判断,在这个过程中处理了规范性理解与合理性判断的问题。道德判断的宗旨在于不断协调人们的感觉和行为,道德判断中“客观性”的出现有助于提升这种协调。当代非认知主义更注重对道德论证和道德实践的解释,并试图说明道德话语中的实在论因素。吉伯德提出的这种理论进一步弱化了认知与非认知主义的界限,代表了温和的道德实在论。更多还原

【Abstract】 In moral life,we are inevitably endowed with a value standard of thinking and action by the concept of "normative".The main goal of normative ethics is to standardize people’s reasonable actions as a guidance.Whether and how people can make reasonable normative judgments is becoming more and more important in moral philosophy research and life practice.As a representative of non-cognitiveism in moral controversy,Allan Gibbard responded to the issue of ethics with a normative expressionist stance,and raised it in the process of dealing with moral "normative" and "rationality".And he also argued a "normative judgment" theory.Based on the examination of moral normative logic,normative psychological emotions,normative knowledge,and normative actions,he attempts attempted to establish a moral judgment system that relies on normative expression.In his view,when people judge the correctness of behavior or events,or express their attitude of approval,they cannot do without moral beliefs,and the feeling of such moral beliefs is "certified.",which makes people actually in a state of mind that has pre-accepted a set of normative systems.People’s emotional reactions and moral judgments are carried out according to such a normative system,and such idealized normative system is not easy to achieve,because it faces at least several problems: First,it is uncertain whether a normative moral understanding can be transformed into normative knowledge.Second,people’s moral intuition is logically contradictory,so we need to try to direct people’s conflicting intuition to a consistent goal.Third,in people’s moral life and social interaction,it is doubted whether we can urge them to truly accept the normative system to achieve a moral consensus.Fourth,the effectiveness of normative judgment can motivate people to move from reasonable reasoning to standardized actions.Allen Gibbard’s "normative judgment" theory explains two major themes: the normative expression of finding consensus and the appropriateness of punitive moral emotions.These two themes are directly related to his normative logic system,rationality judgment and moral sense.Since Gibbard analyzed normative and rationality with non-cognitive attitude,his analysis of moral judgment is also non-Cognitive.He reduced the "normative" judgment to a special judgment on "rationality",in which the problem of normative understanding and rational judgment was dealt with.The purpose of moral judgment is to coordinate people’s feelings and behaviors constantly.The emergence of "objectivity" in moral judgment helps to enhance this coordination.Contemporary non-cognitiveism pays more attention to the interpretation of moral arguments and moral practices,and attempts to explain the realist factors in moral discourse.This theory proposed by Gibbard further weakens the boundaries between cognition and non-cognitiveism and represents moderate moral realism.更多还原