【作者】 刘晓红；

【导师】 张国强； 魏春雨；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 建筑学， 2020， 博士

【摘要】 高校食堂是大学校园中最重要的、也是学生光顾频率最高的场所之一。食堂的规划和设计一直被研究者重点关注。但是,高校食堂的热舒适性和节能特征,尚未得到应有的重视。研究表明,被动节能自然通风对改善室内热环境有明显的效果,因此存在将其高效应用在高校食堂的可能性。我国夏热冬冷地区季节性特点显著,夏季气候炎热,过渡季时间长,在夏热冬冷地区的被动式通风设计策略中自然通风和夜间通风具有良好的通风效果和节能潜力。自然通风降温技术所适应的建筑环境特征能够很好地与高校食堂的季节性使用特点相耦合。利用自然通风进行室内外空气交换,能够排出浊气,避免空气污染和疾病传播。研究表明:特别是对于人员集中,散热量较大的高校餐厅这类建筑,在夏季和过渡季,合理应用自然通风能够带走室内热量;同时由于人体在自然通风条件下可以适应较大幅度的环境温度变化,室内可以维持较高的温度而不需要运行空调设备;另外,在建筑表皮利用相变材料,则可以在白天学生就餐时还能充分利用夜间通风的降温效果。因此,通过形体和空间设计加强自然通风,结合相变材料应用于表皮降低室内温度,既可以提升用餐舒适度,也可以做到高校餐厅建筑的节能。本文从被动节能自然通风的两个方面进行研究。以夏热冬冷地区高校食堂建筑充分利用自然通风改善室内热环境和节能为目标,研究揭示气候特征、食堂使用特征、建筑空间、形体、界面设计等多种因素的的协同作用规律,提出适用于提高自然通风的建筑设计策略。研究内容主要包括以下四个方面:(一)分析研究高校食堂的建筑空间特征和食堂功能布局特征,结合国内外高校食堂的使用特点和用餐人员的行为特点,针对夏热冬冷地区的气候特征,研究揭示夏热冬冷地区高校食堂使用特征与被动节能措施中自然通风的耦合规律,包括夏热冬冷地区利用自然通风改善室内热环境和提高节能潜力的耦合规律,以及自然通风应用潜力与高校食堂使用时间特征的耦合规律。(二)通过高校食堂建筑设计及其室内环境改善和节能特性等方面的国内外文献的分析研究,结合长沙地区已建成的六所高校食堂的实地调研,从自然通风研究角度,提出五种夏热冬冷地区具有代表性的适用于自然通风的食堂建筑空间布局模型。研究提出了基于CFD模拟的食堂建筑空间优化设计方法,包括设置不同的风向与建筑迎风面之间的夹角,模拟室内气流流动和风速分布,导出云图和测点风速进行分析比较,获得适宜每种模型的最佳朝向;将不同窗地面积比的各种食堂建筑模型进行模拟研究,对比通风效果随着窗地面积比变化的敏感性,获得不同食堂建筑模型和窗地面积比对建筑自然通风的最佳组合;研究食堂功能布局等对自然通风的相互影响,提出不同食堂建筑模型的推荐功能布局形式。基于以上研究,提出有利于自然通风应用的高校食堂建筑形体和空间布局的设计策略,使得高校食堂自然通风成为建筑设计中的可控因素。(三)研究提出基于特朗伯墙和相变蓄能被动通风构造技术的蓄能墙构造,辅助增强自然通风效果:研制了特朗伯蓄能墙系统,该系统由内外双层墙面组成,外墙玻璃层与内墙形成中间空气夹层,在内墙的内外墙面增加有高反射涂料及构造组成的夜间蓄冷相变材料集成系统。该双层板通过墙板内外墙通风口的开闭来发挥调节室内温度的作用。选取高校食堂建筑模型三,将其界面进行改造,在建筑的四个朝向,采用通高的特朗伯蓄能墙替换原来的窗间墙。参照气候适应性评估方法,采用Energy plus模拟软件,通过模拟实验,对使用本技术前后全年舒适时间进行对比,验证了蓄能墙改善自然通风的作用,结果显示蓄能墙的设置能降低室内温度,带来良好的节能效果。对比分析蓄能墙系统在不同朝向、不同季节的差异性,得到相应的界面设计新理念、设计方法和运行管理方法。(四)结合形体和空间布局,以及新型界面的构造和设计方法,形成了关于平面、空间、界面等有利于夏热冬冷地区高校食堂建筑自然通风应用的设计策略。本文针对高校食堂建筑的使用特征和夏热冬冷地区的气候特征,研究提出了五种典型建筑空间模型,研究了有利于高校食堂建筑自然通风的形体和空间优化设计方法以及食堂功能布局优化方法;研究开发了能增强自然通风效果的蓄能墙,提出了相应的建筑界面设计方法。研究成果构成了一套有利于夏热冬冷地区高校食堂建筑自然通风的技术措施和设计方法。通过该措施和方法的推广应用,可以改善夏热冬冷地区高校食堂室内热环境,创造怡人的用餐环境,提高大学生的生活品质,同时做到节约能源,为夏热冬冷地区高校食堂建筑的绿色设计和绿色校园建设提供了一定的理论基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 The university canteen is one of the most important places and frequently visited by students on the university campus.The plan and design of the canteen have been the focuses of the researchers at all time.However,the thermal comfort and energy performance of university canteens have not received enough attention.Studies have shown that natural ventilation has obvious effect on improving the indoor thermal environment while reducing energy consumption,which is possible to be applied it to university canteens.The hot summer and cold winter region in China features a hot summer and long transition season,therefore,the natural ventilation and night-time ventilation are effective and have big energy saving potential.The building environment can be specially design so that to utilize natural ventilation and passive cooling technology while considering the seasonal usage characteristics of the university canteen.The use of natural ventilation can provide fresh air to deplete air pollution and prevent disease breeding.Appropriate application of natural ventilation can help to remove internal heat gain during summer and transition season.At the same time,as the human body can adapt to a large range of environmental temperature changes under natural ventilation conditions,the indoor temperature can be maintained at a higher level without turning off the air conditioning system.In addition,if phase change materials are applied to the building envelope,it can make full use of the cooling effect of night ventilation when students have meals in the daytime.Therefore,enhancing natural ventilation through shape and space design with phase change materials can not only improve the comfort of dining,but also reduce the building energy consumption.This paper studies the synergistic law of climate characteristics,canteen use characteristics,building space,shape,interface design and other factors,and proposes an architectural design strategy suitable for natural ventilation improvement.The following four aspects are included in the study:1)The analysis of the architectural space of university dining hall and dining room function layout characteristics,combined with domestic and foreign university canteen usage characteristics and behavior characteristics of diners.The coupling rule of natural ventilation with passive energy saving measures in the hot summer and cold winter areas to improve indoor thermal environment and energy saving potential and time usage characteristics of the dining room are evaluated.2)Field studies were carried out at the dining rooms of six universities in Changsha and five representative canteen building space layout model for natural ventilation in hot summer and cold winter areas are proposed and space optimization design method was recommended to include setting the angle between different wind direction and the building’s windward surface.Sensitivity analysis of ventilation effect with the change of window-floor area ratio,the mutual influence of the functional layout of the canteen on the natural ventilation are conducted.Based on the above research,the specific design strategies on the building form and space layout of college canteen are proposed.3)An energy storage Trombe wall which could assist to enhance natural ventilation effect is proposed with high reflection coatings and construction of cold storage phase change materials integrated system at night.Results showed that the the energy storage wall could help reduce the indoor temperature with good energy saving effect.4)Combining the shape,spatial layout,the construction and design method of the new inter-space,a set of design strategies are formed which is beneficial to the application of natural ventilation in the college canteen buildings in hot summer and cold winter areas.The research results constitute a set of technical measures and design methods for the natural ventilation of college canteens in hot summer and cold winter areas.Through the application of the measures and methods,the indoor thermal environment of college canteens in hot summer and cold winter areas can be improved,the pleasant dining environment can be created,and the living quality of college students can be improved with less energy consumption.It provides a certain theoretical basis for the green design of university canteens in hot summer and cold winter areas and the construction of green campus.更多还原