【作者】 张丹；

【导师】 谢清果；

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 ， 传播学， 2020， 博士

【副题名】中国古乐的媒介功能观

【摘要】 礼乐是中国传统文化的主干,华夏文明也被冠以“礼乐文明”之称。“相须以为用”的礼乐历来被视为“天经地义”,但是两者的“相合”,却是经历了原始氏族社会到夏商周三代的不断接合、发展、演进,最终才逐渐形成中华“礼乐文化”的基本形态。本文试图以传播学视角,将“礼—乐”视为先秦社会重要而典型的传播模式,并将“乐”视为一种礼制秩序形塑的“媒介”和礼文化生成的实在力量,以此重新审视古乐内涵(诗、歌、舞一体)与媒介属性(通天媒介、沉浸式复合媒介、信息阐释媒介、社会整合媒介、生命媒介)的嬗变,以及“乐”与不同时期礼文化的耦合机制,进而管窥“礼”萌发与流变的基本脉络。同时,也尝试为阐明“礼乐协同”成为中国传统社会治理系统而完善的政治体系,提供一种传播学视角的思考向度。除了绪论之外,本文共分为三章。第一章是考察原始礼的起源与“乐”的关系。上古时代,尤其是殷、周以前的早期社会,是一个巫性色彩浓厚与神权统治的时代。这个时代中,先人们很大程度上是依靠巫性信仰与祭祀活动驱动共同体意识、权力观念的产生以维系社会秩序的稳定,乃至促成酋邦型早期国家组织形态。“巫”与“祭祀”很可能就是中国“礼”的源头。此时的“乐”主要被使用在祭祀、占卜、庆典等巫术与原始宗教活动中,它们是“人—神”之间交通往来的中介,充当通天媒介、降神媒介、信息释读媒介、以及营造传播情境的沉浸式媒介的作用。在这些“人—神”交流的仪式活动中,分层意识、权力观念、群体意识乃至社会秩序观念却伴随着集体实践衍生出来。“乐”以不可替代的作用深深地介入了早期社会变革中。第二章是西周“制礼作乐”下,礼、乐的关系走向制度化。当“蕞尔小邦”取代“大殷商”后,周人为了应对宗教文化信仰冲突、政治社会动荡的局面,迅速开启了一场声势浩大、具有划时代意义的政治与社会实践——“制礼作乐”,拉开了“礼乐”政治化、制度化的帷幕。周人以“乐”为媒介,通过“援德入乐”“引德入礼”“礼乐协同”等方式,建构起了一套宣扬西周社会政治伦理思想(“德”)与参与社会建构的传播系统,而“乐”成为整合道德社会的“器械”(“政治媒介”),笔者称之为“乐政”系统的实践。此时,“乐”开始由“人—神(祖)”间传播的“通天媒介”向“人—人”间传播的“政治媒介”转移、跨越。第三章是春秋战国时代“礼崩乐坏”,“礼—乐”政治传播体系崩溃,严苛的“礼—乐”结构关系的解体,释放了“乐”的情感活力,使“乐”的传播更加深入人心,促使“乐”的媒介性再次发生偏转,向着“人—自我”内向传播中生命(修养)媒介转变。尤其是儒家,建构“兴于诗,立于礼,成于乐”的理想人格、理想境界的修养路径,追求音乐体验是情(乐)与理(礼)是交织在一起,理性中渗入情感,情感中嵌入理性,寄希望于“主体”在音乐体验中生命觉醒以及觉醒后自觉、规范、理性的社会参与,从内心深处趋向于“礼”。本文的“以乐观礼”,是将“礼—乐”看作是“政治社会秩序——构建政治社会秩序的传播(媒介/方式/场域/对象)”之间的关系。以“乐”的媒介参与为中心,考察“礼”的滥觞、流变、式微的基本脉络,体验华夏礼乐文化历史中跳动、流转的脉搏。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Chinese civilization is known as the "civilization of Li(礼)-Yue(乐)".The combination of "li" and "Yue" is often taken for granted.In fact,their combination experienced the continuous development and evolution from the primitive clan society to the Xia,Shang and Zhou Dynasties,and finally formed the basic form of Chinese "ritual and music culture".From the perspective of communication,this thesis tries to take"Li-Yue" as an important and typical mode of communication in the Pre-Qin society,and "Yue" as a"medium" to shape the order of ritual system,so as to re-examine the mechanism of the combination of "Yue" and ritual culture in different periods,so as to explore the basic context of the germination and evolution of "Li".At the same time,it also tries to clarify that "Li-Yue" has become a perfect political system of Chinese traditional social governance system,and provides a thinking direction from the perspective of communication.In addition to the introduction,this thesis is divided into three chapters.The first chapter is to investigate the relationship of the origin of the original rites.The ancient times,especially the early society before the Shang and Zhou Dynasties,was a time of sorcery and theocracy."Sorcery" and "sacrifice" are probably the origin of Chinese "ritual".At this time,"Yue" was mainly used in the worship,divination,celebration and other sorcery and primitive religious activities.They were the intermediary between "man-god" and acted as a medium to communicate with god.In these ritual activities of "man-god" communication,stratification consciousness,power concept,group consciousness and even social order concept are derived with collective practice."Yue" deeply involved in the early social changes with its irreplaceable function.The second chapter points out that the relationship between rites and music was institutionalized during the Western Zhou Dynasty.In order to cope with the conflict of religious belief and political and social turbulence,the people constructed a communication system to promote the social and political ethics("德")of the Western Zhou Dynasty through the "music".At this time,"Yue" began to shift from the"communication medium" of "man-god" to the "political medium" of "man-man"communication.The third chapter points out that in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period,the political communication system of "Li-Yue" collapsed,but it released the emotional vitality of "musie",which made the spread of "music" more deeply in the hearts of people,and made the media attribute of "music" shift again to the medium of life in the intrapersonal communication of "I-me".Especially the Confucians,they pursue the music experience interwoven with the emotion(music)and the principle(ritual),the reason penetrates the emotion,the emotion inserts the reason,pins the hope on the awakening of individual life and the conscious and rational social participation after awakening,accepts th e "ritual" from the heart.更多还原