【作者】 杨骏；

【导师】 张生；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 五二〇运动,是1947年5月在民国首都南京发生的以“反饥饿、反内战、反迫害”为主题的学生运动,运动历时一个多月,波及全国60多个城市,极大动摇了国民党的统治基础,是国共内战时期最重要的学生运动。在中国共产党的革命史叙述中,五二O运动是和五四运动、一·二九运动并立的爱国民主学生运动的三大高潮之一,是解放战争时期国统区第二条战线正式形成的标志,它牵制了国民党的力量,有力的配合了解放军的军事斗争,并为解放战争和城市接管工作提供了大批干部。而在国民党的认识里,五二〇运动是共产党煽动和策划的暴乱,对国民党政权伤害至巨。自近代以来,随着教育的发展,学生群体逐渐成为国内政治舞台上一支重要的力量,在每一个历史转折的时刻,都有学生运动起到了重要的推动作用,而五二O运动正是在国共斗争胜败的转折点上爆发的。因此,对五二O运动进行专门的研究,不但可以让我们更加全面、客观的评价它在现代历史发展中所起的作用,而且在对运动本身的研究中,可以发现若干学生运动的规律和特点,以及国共两党学运政策的得失,帮助我们更好的总结历史,启示将来。本文力图在全面梳理文献资料的基础上,将五二〇运动在京沪苏杭地区发展的全过程清晰的整理出来,在对史实的叙述中侧重运动发生原因以及国共两党对学运的指导和应对。然后在此基础上对运动发生、发展的原因以及实际影响进行分析,得出自己的结论。本文在结构上分为四章,第一章第一节是对五二O运动发生的背景进行探讨,当时美苏两国在雅尔塔体制下制定的对华政策对中国产生了巨大影响,而在国内则形成了国共两党对峙的严重局面;抗战胜利后发生的一系列学生运动与五二O运动存在着思想、组织上的联系,可以看做一个连续的过程;这其中昆明“一·二一”运动是战后国内第一次大规模学生运动,主题是争民主、反内战;之后的“二·二二”反苏大游行和抗暴运动,都带有民族主义的色彩,要求捍卫国家主权,要求苏、美两国军队撤出中国,其中也暗含反内战的诉求。第二节主要分析了战后国统区通货膨胀对人民生活的严重影响,在此背景下中央大学教授发出了要求改善教育条件的宣言,而中央大学的学生发起了“吃光”运动予以响应,由此引发了五二〇运动。第二章的内容讲述五二〇运动爆发后的情况,南京地区的中央大学、金陵大学和其他高校纷纷发动请愿游行,要求增加副食费、改善教育环境;而沪杭地区的交通大学和英士大学分别发动了护校运动和迁校运动,并组织队伍晋京请愿;另外其他学校还发动了反会考、反总考、要求药科改制的斗争。第三章内容是描述五二〇大游行情况。5月20日当天,南京、北京、天津都举行了反饥饿反内战大游行,南京发生了镇压学生的血案。第四章内容是叙述五二〇运动的余波。五二〇血案发生后,全国各地的学校、人民团体和社会各界人士纷纷声援南京学生,谴责政府暴行;各地还继续发生了若干起学生运动,如助学运动、于子三事件和同济“一·二九”事件,这几次运动可以看做是五二〇运动的余波。第五章内容是讨论五二〇运动与国家命运转变的关系。在对国家治理与学生运动关系的探讨中,首先在对公费制度的起源、内容和作用进行梳理后,肯定了公费制度在战时的积极作用,而五二〇运动最初以增加副食费、增加公费为诉求并非公费制度本身出了问题,隐藏在这两个诉求后面的实质原因其实还是学生对现实政治不满,对国民党感到绝望。其次是通过分析朱家骅在交通大学、英士大学学潮中责任,以及教育部在教育复员政策上的失误与学运起因之间关系,指出朱家骅及教育部对于五二〇运动的发生有着不可推卸的责任。在对学生运动与国家命运关系的探讨中,首先对运动发生的原因从国家、学校、学生三个层面进行了分析,指出这次运动有一个从各校不同诉求汇聚到挽救教育危机旗帜下的过程,而学生切身利益受损是这次运动初期各校发生学潮的普遍原因;在分析国共两党学运策略在运动发展中所起的作用时,分别从组织、宣传、行动三个方面进行了比较,认为正是中共对学运政策的成熟运用和国民党的错误镇压政策从正反两面共同推动了运动升级;在考察运动的影响时,在确认学生运动牵制了国民党力量,配合了共产党的军事斗争以及为中共储备了大量干部这两种传统结论外,还提出学生宣传的巨大影响和国民党血腥镇压造成的惨痛后果,促使大量中间群众和学生在政治上因为对国民党感到绝望而转向,而人心向背对于国共斗争的结果起着关键性的作用。在结语中,本文最后研究了五二〇运动中学生从游行请愿要求对话到游行示威抗议暴政的转变过程,指出5月18日《维持社会秩序临时办法》的颁布和蒋介石整饬学风谈话的发表是转变发生的分界线,而正是国民党的武力镇压政策迫使学生从对话走向了对抗,从请愿走向了革命。五二〇运动是在多种原因共同作用下发生的学生运动,其中国民党的派系之争和政策失误要负很大的责任。这次运动在共产党的成熟运用下从经济性斗争发展到政治性斗争,而国民党的武力镇压加速了这一转变。五二〇运动在国统区最重要的结果,是促使以学生、教师为代表的中间力量倾向共产党,使国民党政权更加孤立,最终败走台湾。更多还原

【Abstract】 May twentieth movement was the "No Hunger,No Civil War,No persecution"themed student movement happened in Nanjing,the capital of Kuomintang in May,1947.The movement lasted for more than one month,affected more than 60 cities across the country,severely shook the ruling base of the Kuomintang,so it was the most important student movement during period of the liberation war.In the revolutionary history of the Chinese Communist Party,May Twentieth Movement,May Fourth Movement and January Twenty-ninth Movement were named the three tides of patriotic and democratic student movements.As the mark of the formation of the second front in Kuomingtang ruling districts during the period of liberation war,it tied down the strength of Kuomintang,strongly assisted the military fight of People’s Liberation Army and provided a large number of cadres for the liberation war and cities taking-over work.But for Kuomintang,May twentieth movement was the riot incited and planned by CPC,because it greatly harmed the KMT regime.Since modern times,the development of education enabled the students to gradually become an important force on domestic political stage.The student movement played an important role at every turning point of the history,while,May twentieth Movement broke out at the turning point of struggle between the KMT and the Communists.Therefore,the special study of May twentieth Movement can not ony enable us to more comprehensively and objectively evaluate its function in the development of modern history,but also enable us to discover the laws and characteristic of the student movements,as well as the gains and losses of the kuomintang and the communist party of china’s polices about student movement,so that we can better summarize the history and of revelate the future.This paper tried to clearly sort out the whole developing process of the May twentieth movement in Nanning,Shanghai,Suzhou,Hangzhou region on the basis of comprehensive literature,focused on the reason of the movement and the guidance and respond of the two parties.Then analyzed the occurance,development and actual effect of the movement occurs,then drew my own conclusions.This paper was divided into four chapters,the first section of chapter one is to explore the background of the May twentieth Movement,the time the policies of American and Soviet made toward China under the Yalta system had a great impact on China,and in China,the dangerious confrontation between the Communist Party and Kuomingtang had been formed;A series of student movements after the war had ideological,organizational connection with May twentieth movementi,so they can be seen as a continuous process;Of them,Kunming "Jan·twenty-first" movement was the first domestic large-scale student movement after the war,its theme was "Fighting for democracy and against civil war";The subsequent "Feb·twenty-second" anti-Soviet big parade and rebelion were with nationalist hue,they required to safeguard the national sovereignty,required the Soviet Union and the United States to withdraw their troops from China,they also opposed the civil war.Section Ⅱ analyzed the serious effect of inflation in Kuomintang-controlled areas after war on people’s lives,under such background,the professors of the Central University issued a declaration of improving educational conditions,and the students of the Central University launched the eating movement to response to it,which caused the May twentieth movement.The second chapter described the situation of May twentieth movement,the Central University,University of Nanjing and other colleges and universities in Nanjing launched petitions and marches,they required to increse the non-staple food fees,improve the educational environment;and Yingshih University and Jiaotong University in Shanghai-Hangzhou area respectively lanuched the school-moving movement and school-protecting movement,organized people to go to Beijing for petitions;Besides,the other schools also launched the fight to against the counter-examinations,against the general examination,and achieve pharmaceutical reform.The third chapter sorted out the situation of May twentieth movement and the aftermath.On May 20th,No Hunger,No civil war parade happened in Nanjing,Beijing and Tianjin,massacre against the students took place in Nanjing.After May twentieth murder,the schools,community organizations and people around the country expressed the support for the students in Nanjing,condemned the government’s atrocities;National Federation came into being in this context.The fourth chapter is the conclusion.A number of student movements happened after May twentieth movement,such as the student-aid movement,Yu Sanzi event and Tongji"Jan·twenty-ninth" events,these movements can be seen as the aftermath of May twentieth movement.In the summary of May twentieth movement,I first analyzed the occurrence of the the movement from three aspects,state,schools,students,showed that the movement developed from the different requirements f the schools to saving th eeducation crisis,while the loss of the students’ vital interests was the common reason of the movement occurrance in the early period;when analyzing the occurance of the movement according to "student movement" theory,economic factors,social factors instead of the political factors were easily ignored,students’ initiative instead of their passivity were easily ignored.In the process of analyzing the function of the two parties’ policies about the student movements,I compared them from three aspects,organization,publicity and movement,and believed that the mature use of student movements handled by CPC and the wrong suppression policy of the Kuomingtang both promoted the development of the movement.As for the impact of the movement,beside the two old conclusions:the student movement tied down the KMT forces,assisted the military fight of Communist Party and reserved a lage number of cardes for the CPC,we put forward the huge impact of student publicity and bloody result of KMT repression,which prompted a large number of intermediate masses and students turn to the CPC due to the disappointment to KMT,while support from the people plays a key role for the result of country struggle.In the rethink of the movement,first,through the analysis of Zhu Jiahua’s responsibility in Yingshih University movement and Jiaotong University movement,the relationship of error of the Ministry of Education on education demobilization policies and the cause of the student movements,i found that Zhu Jiahua and the Ministry of Education had an inescapable responsibility for May twentieth movement.Then,after sorting out the the origin,content and function of publicly funded system,i affirmed the positive function of publicly funded system in the war,while the initial requirements of May twentieth movement,increasing the non-staple food fees,increasing public funds was not because of the system itself but the real reason hidden behind the above two requirements,that students were dissatificed with real politic and Kuomintang.The last part studied transformation process of the May twentieth movement from students petition for dialogue to demonstrations to against the tyranny,showed that the promulgation of "provisional measures to maintain social order,"in May 18 and Chiang Kai-shek conversation was the boundary shift of the transformation,it was KMT force repressive policies forced students to transform from dialogue to confrontation,from petition to the revolution.May twentieth movement occurred due to the joint action of a variety of reasons,of which the KMT factional struggles and policy blunders should bear a great responsibility.The movement changed from economic struggle to the political struggle under the mature application of the CPC,while the KMT’s military crackdown accelerated this shift.The most important result of the May twentieth movement was to promote the middle power represented by students and teachers turn to the CPC,to make the Kuomingtang more secluded and failed.更多还原