【作者】 赵飞飞；

【导师】 朱庆葆；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 中国近现代史， 2016， 博士

【摘要】 教会大学是中国近代高等教育的重要组成部分,在介绍、引进西方文化和西方新式教育体制方面,起了启蒙和示范的作用,在某种程度上可以说是中国新式高等教育的先驱和西学输入的媒介。因具有基督教性质和传播基督信仰的使命,实施宗教教育就成为教会大学区别于中国其他普通公、私立学校的重要特点。金陵大学是当时学界公认的办学最好的教会大学之一,其宗教教育伴随着中国历史的演进而呈现不同的面相。只有对其宗教教育作一长时段、全景式考察,才能更为立体地窥探金陵大学宗教教育的内容、特点以及对金陵大学发展的作用和意义。近代西方在华条约体系为教会开办学校提供了法律依据,三次传教士大会推动了基督教学校在华的创办及校内宗教教育的发展,金陵大学正是在此背景下创办起来。创办之初的金陵大学,宗教气氛非常浓厚,无论是宗教课程还是各种宗教聚会与布道活动在日常事务中都占有很大比重。金大青年会、金陵神学院等机构在辅助金陵大学开展宗教教育过程中起到很大作用。1920年代,在中国民族主义运动与南京国民政府收回教育权的双重冲击下,教会大学的办学理念和办学内容受到重大影响。在此背景下,金陵大学事先预备,第一个向国民政府立案,实现了校政的平稳过渡。立案后,遵照教部规定,金大将宗教教育由“课程中心制”改为“人格中心制”。宗教课程由必修改为选修,宗教礼拜由学生自愿参加,通过团契、读书会、丰富的宗教活动、教师对学生的直接接触等方式,努力营造有宗教气息的校园氛围,在潜移默化当中实施宗教教育;面对国民党的党化教育,金大努力寻求基督化教育与党化教育的调适;此外,金大也不断加大国学教育和职业教育的比重。在这些平衡与调适中,金大实现了自身中国化、世俗化和学术化角色转换。当然,在此角色转换的过程中,宗教教育也被进一步削弱和挤占。抗战爆发后,金陵大学被迫西迁成都异地办学。金大宗教教育在战争环境也进行了新的调整。传播福音与战时服务相结合是其最大特色。同时,战时华西坝五所基督教大学联合办学,打破了原有学校的封闭,学生关心时局、参与政治的热情日渐高涨。这样,金大的宗教教育既有五大学联合推进宗教教育的特色,也有战时抗战救亡的时代烙印。战后,内迁高校相继复员。中国基督教大学联合董事会力图对战后基督教高等教育进行重组,以更有效地利用有限资源,保持基督教的性质与特征,金大对此积极响应,但战后中国国内动荡的局势,这一诉求困难重重。宗教教育虽仍照旧进行,但气氛有了很大变化,出现政治异化的特质。新中国成立初期,由于国内政治、军事形势还不稳定,中央政府允许基督教大学遵照《共同纲领》暂时继续存在,所以金陵大学的宗教教育还是照常进行,但随着抗美援朝战争爆发,中美关系恶化,这就为收回接受美国津贴的基督教大学制造了条件。1951年金大与金女大合并成立公立金陵大学,作为基督教大学的金陵大学则成为了历史。纵观金大实施了 64年的宗教教育,灌输教义不是教学活动主线、重视人格塑造、逐步转向侧重学术研究等特点无不在其办学历程中彰显。金陵大学宗教教育随中国政局变迁不断调整,但从未终止,宗教教育变的是形式,不变的是内在的宗教关怀,这也是金陵大学“本土化”进程的一个体现。金陵大学办学成绩突出,宗教教育的影响渗透于大学的三大功能之中,此即金大实施宗教教育的意义所在。更多还原

【Abstract】 Christian Universities,as an important part of Chinese modern higher education,had been playing an enlightening role of examples in introducing western culture and western education system.To some extent,Christian universities can be regarded as the pioneer of Chinese new higher education and the media of introducing western knowledge.Due to the Christian features of Christian universities in China and their mission of spreading Christian faith,implementation of religious education,as the major characteristics,has made Christian universities quite distinct from other public and private schools in China.The University of Nanking,recognized as one of the best Christian universities of that time by the education circle,presented different images of its religious education along with the evolution of Chinese history.Only through a panoramic investigation over a long period of the religious education of the University of Nanking,can a more three-dimensional glimpse of the content and features of the religious education as well as its effect and significance on the development of the University of Nanking be achieved.The western system of treaties in modern China provided a legal basis for the churches to run schools.Moreover,the three missionary conferences helped promote the establishment of the Christian schools in China and the development of campus religious education.It was under this background that the University of Nanking was founded.Upon establishment,there existed a very profound religious atmosphere in the campus,and the religious curriculum,religious gathering and preaching activities all occupied a large proportion.Institutions such as YMCA of the University of Nanking,Nanking Theological Seminary played a significant role in helping the University of Nanking promote religious education.Both Chinese nationalist movement and the regaining educational right of the Nanjing National Government had a great impact on the idea and content of school management by the Christian universities.In this context,the University of Nanking was the first to get prepared,having itself registered in the National Government and realizing a smooth transition of school administration.After registration,in accordance with the provisions of the Ministry of Education,the University of Nanking transformed its "curriculum-centered system" to "personality-centered system" on religious education.Religious courses were switched from their compulsory nature to elective one,and the religious worship was attended by students voluntarily.Through various forms such as fellowship,reading circles,rich religious activities,the direct contact of teachers and students,etc.,the University of Nanking strived to create a strong religious atmosphere in the campus,implementing religious education in a subtle way.In the face of the Party Education by Kuomintang,the University of Nanking sought to adjust its Christian education to the Party Education,and meanwhile increased the proportion of Chinese ancient civilization studies and the vocational education.In these balances and adjustments,the University of Nanking successfully transformed its own role toward a sinicized,secularized and academic mode of developing.Of course,in the process of transformation,religious education had been further weakened and infringed.After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War,the University of Nanking was forced to move to the west,running school in the city of Chengdu in Sichuan Province.In the war context,the religious education of the University of Nanking made new adjustments,with the spreading of the gospel combined with the wartime service as its distinctive characteristic.Meanwhile,during the wartime,the jointly running school by five Christian universities broke the enclosed management of the original schools,and students were concerned about the current situation with growing enthusiasm of participating in politics.Therefore,the religious education of the University of Nanking bore the characteristics of defending against the Japanese invasion as well as that of jointly promoting religious education by five universities.After the war,college and universities that had been forced to the inland of China successively moved back to the old sites.The United Board of Chinese Christian Universities tried to restructure the Christian higher education with a more effective use of limited resources so as to maintain the nature and features of Christianity.The University of Nanking gave a positive response.However,due to the turbulent situation of China after the war,this appeal was beset with difficulties.The religious education went on as usual,but the atmosphere changed a lot,characterized with the appearing of political alienation.During the early years of New China,as the political and military situations at home were not stable,the Central Government allowed Christian Universities to continue to exist temporarily in accordance with The Common Program.Therefore,the religious education of the University of Nanking went on as usual.However,the outbreak of the Korean War and the deterioration of Sino-US relations created the conditions for recovering Christian universities that were funded by the US.In the year 1951,the University of Nanking and Ginling College merged,setting up the state-run University of Nanking,and the University of Nanking as a Christian University had become history.Throughout the 64 years of religious education by the University of Nanking,we can see that inculcating Christian doctrine is not the main line for teaching activities.Practically,the features such as the shaping of personality,gradually shifting to focus on academic research,etc.are evident in course of running school.The religious educ ation of the University of Nanking has been adjusted with the change of political situa tion in China,but never terminate.Change is in the form of religious education,the sa me is the inherent religious concern.This is also an embodiment of the process of "loc alization" of University.The University of Nanking has obtained outstanding achieve ments in running.school.The impact of religious education has penetrated into the thr ee functions of the Universtiy,which lies the real significance of the implementation of religious education.更多还原