【作者】 左敏；

【导师】 周梅华；

【作者基本信息】 中国矿业大学 ， 管理科学与工程， 2020， 博士

【摘要】 十九大报告指出要推进志愿服务制度化与可持续发展,在此推动下,我国志愿者研究日趋成熟;志愿者的数量及专业化程度日益提升;志愿者的服务领域从社会保障、社会动员到应急服务,已成为公众参与社会治理的有效途径。但我国志愿者的规模和结构与发达国家相比仍有不足。从规模来看,我国注册志愿者人数占总人口的11.97%,与发达国家志愿者总人口的25%以上相比尚有较大差距。从志愿者构成来看,我国志愿者86.5%输出为大学生群体,女性比男性高20个百分点;而以美国为例的发达国家,志愿者的构成基本平衡,规模维持在较高且稳定的水平,说明我国志愿者相较于发达国家尚处于发展阶段。本研究在前期调查中发现,今后五年内能持续参与的志愿者占总调查规模的22.2%,而真正参与服务6次以上的仅占调查人数的17%。因此,志愿者规模增长的同时伴随着参与度和持续度不足,这势必导致非营利组织产生如何吸引有限志愿者参与的竞争趋势,如何招募和保留志愿者成为非营利组织的一大挑战。本研究针对志愿者参与非营利组织的现状,基于角色认同,以非营利组织对志愿者吸引——志愿者参与为研究主线,探讨非营利组织对志愿者吸引的驱动机理,完成六个方面研究内容:第一,通过文献计量分析讨论志愿者参与的热点及其发展趋势。第二,基于社会生态系统理论,对志愿者参与非营利组织的一般影响因素进行扎根探索性研究,开拓性提出志愿者参与非营利组织的八大研究类属。在此基础上形成基于组织吸引的志愿者参与非营利组织指标体系,通过主成分分析提取关键因素,确定组织吸引下志愿者参与非营利组织的研究量表。第三,拓展计划行为理论,通过嵌入角色认同变量,构建志愿者参与非营利组织的理论构架,构建“非营利性组织对志愿者吸引模型”“角色认同嵌入志愿者参与非营利性组织的驱动模型”。第四,对上述两个阶段模型进行实证分析。通过因子分析对非营利组织吸引的研究假设进行检验,结果表明:个人动机和组织规范对志愿者没有显著影响;重要他人、组织绩效、管理属性、品牌感知对志愿者的影响显著。随后,根据实证结果,修正“非营利性组织对志愿者吸引模型”“角色认同嵌入志愿者参与非营利性组织的驱动模型”。最后采用因子分析和回归分析验证志愿者参与非营利组织的直接效应、中介效应和调节效应。第五,根据“志愿者参与非营利组织的驱动模型”仿真分析情境因素干扰下志愿者参与选择的规律与优势。第六,提出增强非营利组织对志愿者吸引与参与的引导策略。通过以上研究,形成如下结论:(1)基于角色认同研究志愿者参与非营利组织的驱动机理,可以有效提升志愿者的参与度与参与持续度。通过提升非营利组织对志愿者的吸引可以有效减少志愿者流失率;通过引入角色认同,可以有效降低志愿者的角色冲突,增进志愿者参与的持续度。(2)通过识别志愿者参与的一般影响因素、提取非营利组织对志愿者吸引的关键因素,提出改善非营利组织的绩效和管理属性,提高品牌感知度,关注重要他人对志愿者的影响可以增进非营利组织对志愿者的吸引,进而明确非营利组织提高志愿者参与意愿和参与度的路径。(3)通过角色认同的嵌入,构建志愿者参与非营利性组织的驱动模型,可以帮助非营利组织与志愿者参与之间形成有效的互动、传递、关联、成长的循环模式。通过循环联结行为主体,明晰志愿者持续参与非营利组织的驱动机理,有效提高志愿者的角色认同度,减少志愿者流失,增进志愿者参与的持续度。(4)通过实证分析发现组织规范并不能直接对志愿者产生影响,但当志愿者对规范形成认同后则能影响志愿者参与;个人动机对志愿者的影响不显著,但可通过调节角色认同对志愿者参与的影响,动机越强烈的群体,角色认同对志愿者参与的影响越大;认为角色认同对志愿者参与的影响受到组织规范和个人动机调节,进而提出志愿精神的弘扬需要把脉当代志愿者的个人认知和群体需要。(5)通过仿真分析情境因素影响下志愿者参与的劝导路径,建立多元化劝导途径,提升志愿者参与非营利组织的稳定性。用加权小世界网络模拟现实社会,提出需要借力五种情境因素提高志愿者参与的频次,其一,这五种情境因素对非志愿者影响最大,所以应该注重拓展志愿精神传递的多元化途径,让社会公众更多地了解志愿事业。其二,参与过服务的志愿者在更短时间内达到平衡状态,因此,劝导志愿者参与非营利组织要重视对志愿服务的评估,重视对志愿者的激励,以便提升志愿者参与非营利组织的稳定性。(6)提出增强志愿者参与非营利组织的引导策略,可以有效提升非营利组织的资源获取与链接能力,增进非营利组织的管理效能和政策的实施效能。本研究为政策制定提供依据,理解非营利组织发展的瓶颈,明晰志愿事业发展的痛点,增进志愿事业的可持续发展。本研究通过关注非营利组织对志愿者的吸引和参与,能够有效加强非营利组织自身营销能力,提升并增加组织对志愿者的吸引,提高非营利组织的资源获取能力,改善志愿者的角色认同显著度,最终回应当前志愿者的参与度与参与持续度不足的社会问题。论文包括43个图、27个表、223个参考文献更多还原

【Abstract】 The 19^thNational Congress of the CPC pointed out to promote the institutionalization and sustainable development of voluntary service.Driven by the social development of the government,the voluntary research field in China is becoming increasingly perfect,with the number of volunteers increasing year by year,and the professional competence over the voluntary activities strengthening day by day.Fields of voluntary service,including social security,social mobilization,and emergency services,provide effective methods for the public to participate in social governance.However,China is still witnessing some inadequacies in scale and structure of its voluntary service.From the perspective of scale,the number of registered volunteers in China accounts for 11.97%of the total population,which is still far behind that in developed countries where the number of volunteers reaches more than 25%of the total population.In terms of volunteer composition,86.5%of China’s volunteers are college students group,with the proportion of female 20%higher than that of male;While,in the United States,for example,the composition of volunteers in developed countries is basically balanced,with the scale maintained at a high and stable level.Therefore,compared with developed countries,China has seen its voluntary service in the developing stage.The results of previous survey show that22.2%of the respondents expressed that they could insist on participating in voluntary service in the next five years,while only 17%of the respondents actually participated in more than 6 times of voluntary service.Therefore,the growth of volunteer scale is accompanied by the current situation of insufficient participation and sustainability,which will inevitably lead to the demand from nonprofit organizations on how to promote volunteers’engagement and competition trend of how to attract the limited volunteers in engagement;How to recruit and retain volunteers has become a major challenge for nonprofit organizations.Amid the current situation of volunteers’participation in nonprofit organization,based on the role identity,with the nonprofit organization’s attractiveness to volunteers-volunteers’engagement as the research main line,this research tries to clarify the key driving factors and driving mechanism of nonprofit organization’s attractiveness to volunteers,discusses the relationship among volunteers’role identity,nonprofit organization’s attractiveness to volunteers,and relationships in volunteers’engagement in nonprofit organization,forming a research model of the driving mechanism for volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization based on role identity.This paper sets the driving mechanism for volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization as the research object to completes the research contents in six aspects as follows:First,through bibliometric analysis,a comprehensive and intuitive analysis and identification is made on the research hot-spots and development trends of volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization.Second,through the qualitative research,a grounded exploratory research is made on the driving factors of volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization.First of all,based on the theory of social ecosystem,eight research categories of volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization are proposed.Secondly,it puts forward the theoretical model of the driving mechanism of volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization based on role identity,which is divided into two stages.Stage I is"Research on the Driving Mechanism of Nonprofit Organization’s Attractiveness to Volunteers";Stage II is"Research on the Driving Mechanism of Volunteers’Engagement Based on Role Identity".Third,the Stage I of the study analyzes the key driving factors,research scale and research model of nonprofit organization’s attractiveness to volunteers.First of all,through analysis on main components,identification is made on the key driving factors of nonprofit organization’s attractiveness to volunteers:Organizational norms,personal motivation,significant other,organizational performance,management attributes and brand perception.In addition,AMOS is adopted to empirically test the research hypothesis through structural equation model,with the results showing that:Personal motivation and organizational norms have no significant effect on volunteers;significant others,organization performance,management attributes and brand perception are significantly affecting volunteers.Fourthly,Stage II is to construct the driving mechanism of volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization based on role identity.First of all,verification has been made that 4 the key driving factors of the nonprofit organization’s attractiveness to volunteers are significantly related to the volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization,and role identity is significantly related to the volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization.Verification has been made once again that role identity has an intermediary effect between the nonprofit organization’s attractiveness to volunteers and the volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization Finally,verification on organizational norms and personal motivation have moderating effects between role identity and volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization has been made.Fifthly,through the above two stages of research,the"Research Model of Volunteers’Engagement in the Nonprofit Organization Based on Role Identity"is finally formed.Sixthly,based on the driving mechanism of volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization,through simulation analysis,discussion is made on the rules and advantages of volunteers’engagement selection under the interference of situational factors such as role identity,significant other,management attributes,organizational performance,etc.Through the above research,the following conclusions are formed:（1）Driving mechanism of volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization based on role identity can effectively improve the engagement degree and engagement sustainability of volunteers.By improving the attractiveness of nonprofit organization,the loss rate of volunteers can be effectively reduced;Through the introduction of role identity,it is possible to effectively reduce the role conflict of volunteers and improve the sustainability of volunteers’engagement.（2）By identifying the general factors influencing volunteers’engagement and extracting the key factors of nonprofit organization’s attractiveness to volunteers,this paper proposes to improve the performance and management attributes of nonprofit organizations,advance brand awareness,and focus on the influence of significant others on volunteers,so as to enhance the nonprofit organization’s attractiveness to volunteers,and further clarify the path for nonprofit organization to improve the willingness and engagement degree of volunteers.（3）Constructing a driving model for volunteers’engagement in nonprofit organizations through the embedding of role identity can help the formation of an effective cycle of interaction,transmission,correlation and growth between nonprofit organizations and volunteers’engagement.Through the circular connection of acting subjects,the driving mechanism of volunteers’continuous engagement in the nonprofit organization is clarified,which is possible to effectively improve the degree of volunteers’role identity,reduce the loss of volunteers,and improve the sustainability of volunteers’engagement.（4）Empirical analysis reveals that organization norms cannot directly influence volunteers,which,however,can give effect on their engagement when volunteers identify with the norms;The influence of personal motivation on volunteers is not significant,which,however,can be adjusted by the influence of role identity on volunteers’engagement.The stronger the motivation of the group,the greater the influence of role identity on volunteers’engagement;This paper holds that the influence of role identity on volunteers’engagement is regulated by organization norms and personal motivation,and further proposes that the promotion of volunteerism needs to be based on the individual cognition and group needs of contemporary volunteers.（5）Through the simulation analysis of the persuasion path under the influence of situational factors of volunteers’engagement,this paper establishes diversified persuasion paths to improve the stability of volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization.Using the weighted small world network to simulate the real society,this paper puts forward five situational factors to improve the frequency of volunteers’engagement:First,these five situational factors have the greatest influence on non-volunteers,so it is necessary to pay attention to expanding the diversified paths of volunteerism transmission,so that the public can understand more about volunteerism.Second,the volunteers who have engaged in the service have reached a balanced state in a shorter period of time.Therefore,to persuade volunteers to engage in the nonprofit organization,it is necessary to attach importance to the evaluation of volunteer service and the encouragement of volunteers,so as to improve the stability of volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization.（6）This paper puts forward the guiding Strategy for enhancing volunteers’engagement in the nonprofit organization,which can effectively improve the ability of resource acquisition and link of nonprofit organizations,and enhance the management efficiency and Strategy implementation efficiency of nonprofit organizations.This study provides a basis for Strategy formulation,clarify the bottleneck of the development of nonprofit organizations,point out the pain points of the development of voluntary undertakings,and promote the sustainable development of voluntary undertakings.The paper includes43 figures,27 tables and 223 references更多还原