【作者】 王宝伟；

【导师】 陆守香； 黄晓家；

【作者基本信息】 中国科学技术大学 ， 能源与环保（专业学位）， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 我国是世界第一大石油进口和消费国,油类火灾具有热值高、流动性强、容易复燃等特点,具有极大的火灾危险性。泡沫灭火剂能浮于燃油上方,对燃料表面进行覆盖,一方面对燃料起到降温的作用,另一方面隔绝了可燃气体与空气的接触,因此其在扑灭油类火灾时效率较高。在公安消防、海空军、民航机场等灭火训练中,大多采用模型与油池火组合配置的训练模式。这种训练方式不仅无法控制灭火训练的火源功率,而且存在严重的水源和空气的污染问题。国外近年发展了以气体火源替代真实火源的灭火训练技术,但是还没有从根本上解决火源等效、泡沫灭火效果反馈等问题。因此,本文针对泡沫灭火训练装备亟需,开展泡沫灭火模拟训练装置中关键技术问题研究。本文充分调研了国内外关于灭火模拟装置的规范要求、技术现状和行业现状,提出了利用气体火源替代真实火源模拟典型油类灭火场景的方法和功能要求;针对泡沫灭火模拟装置研发需要,提出并解决了火源模拟技术和灭火反馈控制技术两大技术问题,解决了火源控制的核心算法,完成了泡沫灭火综合控制程序,给出了泡沫灭火模拟装置样机设计总体方案。论文的主要成果包括:(1)提出了泡沫灭火模拟装置的关键技术及火源模拟原则。明确了泡沫灭火模拟装置的总体功能要求,凝练了泡沫灭火模拟装置的两个关键技术,即火源模拟技术和泡沫灭火反馈控制技术。提出采用气体火源模拟油火应该优先考虑的原则,包括热释放速率等效原则、火焰形态等效原则和辐射通量等效原则;气体火源应能够接受泡沫灭火剂作用效果反馈控制。(2)建立了气体火源替代油火的火焰形态、辐射通量等效计算方法。通过理论分析和实验测量,研究了航空煤油火源和丙烷火源的燃烧特征,对比分析了航空煤油火源和丙烷气体火源的火焰高度和辐射强度等参数,建立了航空煤油液体火源和丙烷气体火源的火焰高度等效替代模型和辐射强度等效替代模型。基于火源替代模型确定丙烷气体火源功率,使气体火焰达到与航空煤油池火相似的火焰高度或辐射强度。(3)建立了无火源条件和火源热辐射作用下的泡沫损失模型,建立了泡沫灭火反馈模型。通过实验室泡沫蔓延实验,研究了泡沫流量、发泡倍数等参数对泡沫蔓延速率的影响,确定了泡沫蔓延理论模型的相关参数,推导了泡沫蔓延的一维蔓延模型和轴对称蔓延模型;分析了泡沫在热辐射作用下泡沫厚度的变化过程,得到泡沫厚度降低速率与辐射通量的量化关系,建立了耦合热辐射强度的泡沫厚度降低速率计算方法。综合考虑泡沫灭火剂的作用量、泡沫蔓延及热辐射作用下的泡沫损失等因素影响,建立了可反映泡沫灭火作用效果的泡沫灭火反馈模型;基于该模型计算,泡沫灭火模拟装置可实现泡沫灭火剂作用下的火源综合反馈控制。(4)完成了泡沫灭火模拟装置总体方案设计,并进行了样机应用验证。设计了泡沫灭火模拟装置实验样机,明确了系统组成、功能,给出了泡沫灭火模拟装置中常驻燃烧器、主燃烧器、供气装置、泡沫收集器、泡沫测量装置和程序控制器等重要设备详细设计方案;基于火源等效模型和泡沫灭火模型给出了典型火灾场景的控制算例,编制了程序控制器中的火源控制核心程序。以飞机型泡沫灭火模拟装置为例,探讨了泡沫灭火模拟装置产品的工程应用。提出飞机型泡沫灭火模拟装置功能要求,并完成了飞机发动机火灾和刹车系统火灾的场景设计,形成了飞机型泡沫灭火模拟装置整套样机,并投入工程应用,填补了国内在本领域的技术空白。更多还原

【Abstract】 China has become the largest oil import country and the largest oil consumption country in the world.Oil fire is characterised by high heat release rate,strong flowability and easy reburning.Once oil fire happens,serious consequences may arise.Foam fire-fighting is the most effective way to suppress oil fires.When the foam is used in the oil fire,the foam could float above the flammable liquild surface and cover the burning surface.That method could not only cool the flammable liquild fuel,but also isolate the contact of combustible gas and air.Many departments have carried out a lot of fire fighting trainings,such as local fire department,navy,air force and airports,where the liquid fuel is used frequently.However,the heat release rate cannot be controlled in these training methods.It also could lead to serious water and air pollution.Recently,researchers in foreign countries conducted lots of studies for fire-fighting training to replace liquid fuel by gas fuel.However,there are still lots of fundamental problems to be solved.Therefore,it is necessary to conduct scientific research to find a new method to develop new Foam Fire-fighting simulation devices.In the paper,some studies related with fire-fighting simulating apparatus were investigated,including specification requirements,technology status and industry status.Then,an alternative approach using combustible gas fuel to simulate fire scenario was introduced.In order to simulate fires correctly,there were two key scientific issues,including the simulation of fire source and the simulation of feedback during extinguishing.In order to develop the simulation device,two technical problems were proposed and solved,including the fire source simulation and the change of feedback during the fire suppression.Finally,the design for Foam Fire-fighting simulation device was presented,where the program for controlling heat release rate was given.Main fundings include:(1)The main technology principles of Foam Fire-fighting Simulator were presentedThe overall functional requirements of the Foam Fire-fighting Simulator were clarified.There were two key technology,including the simulation of fire source and the simulation of feedback during extinguishing.Some equivalent principles were proposed for the design,where the gas fuel was used to replace the liquid fuel in the simulaton of fire source,including heat release rate,flame shape and radiant flux.The fire source using gas fuel could make feedback during the extinguishing of foam fire-fighting.(2)The calculation method for the flame shape and radiant flux was introduced when using gas fuel as fire source.The burning characteristics of aviation kerosene and propane fire source were studied through experimental investigations and theoretical analyzes.The burning parameters,including flame height and radiation flux were compared and analyzed for aviation kerosene and propane fire source.The calculation method for flame height and radiation flux was proposed to replace the aviation kerosene by propane.Base on this methond,the flow rate of propane could be determined,so that the burning characteristics of gas fuel could be similar to the burning characteristics of aviation kerosene,including flame height and radiation flux.(3)The foam loss models under the conditions that with or without the flame radiation effect were derived,and the foam extinguishing feedback mechanism was modeledThe influences of foam flow rate and foam multiple on the foam spreading rate was investigated by the laboratory scale foam spreading experiments.The relevant parameters of the theoretical foam spread model were determined.The one-dimensional and the axisymmetric foam spread models were derived.The foam thickness changing process of the foam under the effect of the thermal radiation was analyzed.The quantitative relationship between the foam thickness reduction rate and radiation flux was obtained,and the calculation method of foam thickness reduction rate coupled with thermal radiation intensity was established.A foam extinguishing feedback model,which represented the effect of foam extinguishing agent was established,considering the effect of foam extinguishing agent,foam spreading and thermal radiation.Based on the model calculation,the foam extinguishing analog device can realize the comprehensive feedback control of fire source.(4)The design for Foam Fire-fighting simulation device was presented and verified by the the prototype application.The design for Foam Fire-fighting simulation devices was presented.The system composition and function were clarified.Otherwise,some detailed designs were given for some important equipments such as permanent burner,main burner,gas supply device,foam collector,foam measuring device and program controller.Based on calculation method,some control parameters were given for a typical fire scenarios,and the core program of in the program controller was compiled to control the fire source.The engineering application of Foam Fire-fighting simulation device was discussed,when using the aircraft-type foam fire extinguishing simulation device as an example.The functional requirements of the aircraft-type Foam Fire-fighting Simulator were proposed.The design of the aircraft engine fire and brake system fire was completed.A prototype of aircraft-type Foam Fire-fighting simulation device was created and applied to the application.The study fills the domestic technological gap in this field.更多还原