【作者】 王蕾；

【导师】 冯培红；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 中国史·中国史， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 中古时期的河陇地区,东面拱卫中原政权,西面直达西域,南面沟通羌、蜀等地,北面毗邻匈奴、突厥等政权,是丝绸之路经过的核心地域。河陇关津,是河陇丝路交通网的枢纽所在,不仅可以保障交通路线的畅通,还可促进河陇地区政治、经济、文化等方面的互动与沟通。河西地区,西汉时期敦煌西面的玉门关、阳关南北相对而置,成为中原与西域的分界线与往来门户;沿着弱水河畔同样南北而置的金关、悬索关,扼守汉朝北部边防,是防御匈奴的要隘。陇右地区,黄河上游的临津关、白土津是十六国时期诸政权的争夺要地;丝路南线的凤林关津与左南津是河州的交通枢纽;丝路中线置于金城河上的金城关津与石城津、清石津是兰州连接凉州的通道;丝路北线位于黄河大湾处的会宁关和乌兰关津是从长安西北方向连接凉州交通中最便捷的渡口。河陇关津是贯通河陇丝路东西交通网的主要“关节点”,在防范外敌、扼守边关、控制人口与物资流动等方面起着至关重要的作用。本文在对河陇关津进行实地考察的基础上,将传世历史文献与汉简、敦煌吐鲁番出土文书、墓志等相结合,分析河陇关津的设置时间与地理位置,进而探究各个关津的变迁过程与原因,及其在丝路交通中的战略地位与历史意义。本文河西关津部分对玉门关的“东汉迁移说”提出质疑,认为其东迁时间应在北周时期;探索东汉阳关在失去西域门户地位后阳关道的交通状况,及隋唐时期与玉门关道的结合;依据金关出土汉简分析金关的机构与职能,以及肩水候官、东部候长、骍北亭长、关啬夫之间的统属关系与内部职能的运转情况;通过A21遗址出土关于出入关的记录,判定悬索关的驻地为A21遗址,同时也是累虏候长与累虏隧长的治所,其南2公里的A22遗址不仅是降虏隧长的治所,还是诚南候长的治所,对悬索关起着拱卫的作用。本文陇右关津部分探索白土津与临津关、清石津与广武梁前后相继的发展过程,以及在兰州、河州、鄯州之间的交通路线;揭示炳灵寺的命名来自于凤林关津藏语音译的深刻原因与相互影响,展现其在河州交通网中的战略价值;论述北周时期金城郡治的东迁与金城津、关设置之间的影响与相互作用,考证隋唐时期金城关不仅是防御外敌的战略要地,还是兰州连接凉、河、鄯州之间的交通枢纽;根据传统史料、出土墓志与实地距离测量及考察,认为乌兰关址与会宁关址并不是夹河而置,应位于黄河同一侧,即北城滩古城与其西北角的古城址。本文将关津融入丝路交通中,从使者往来路线、吐鲁番出土通关过所文书的运转以及胡商偷渡贸易等三个方面进行考证,可展现河陇关津与丝路交通的密切联系。通过两《唐书·吐蕃传》中刘元鼎入蕃路线的记载,勾勒河陇地区沟通中原与吐蕃之间的路线图,再现刘元鼎在小川渡(今甘肃省靖远县刘家峡镇小川黄河大桥)渡过黄河,以及在小晋兴城(今青海省民和县川口镇)与白水军、绥戎城(今青海省湟源县)两次渡过湟水的路线,明确河陇地区广武梁在唐蕃交通中的连接作用;吐鲁番阿斯塔那509号墓出土带有“玉门关之印”的文书,判断为唐代尚书省过所文书的残卷,命名为《奴典信、奴归命尚书省过所文书残卷》,展现河陇关津在唐代交通中的职能;揭露汉唐时期丝绸之路中粟特胡商偷渡关津的现象,考证中古时期河陇地区的走私情况以及关津律令对违法者的制约职能。笔者意图通过这三部分,将各个关津贯穿于整个河陇交通路线中,深化丝路交通视野下河陇关津在军事、外交、贸易等方面的地位与作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Helong Region,as a key part of silk road,which had the function of defending the regimes in Central Plains,reached Western Regions westward,Qiang and Shu regions southward,and was adjacent to Northern Nomadic tribes such as Huns and Turks.The passes and ferries were the central part of Helong silk road traffic network,which could not only ensure a smooth flow of traffic network,but also promote the political,economic and cultural exchange in Helong Region.In Hexi Area,the Yangguan Pass and Yumenguan Pass were built south and north relative on the west side of Dunhuang,acted as the division or somehow the gateway between Central Plains and Western Regions during Han Dynasty.The Jinguan Pass and Xuansuoguan Pass,established in the south bank and the north bank of the Ruoshui River,were the essential defense of northern frontier of Han Dynasty,and the communications pivots to protect the Hexi Corridor from being attacked by Huns.In Longyou Area,the Linjinguan Pass and Baitujin Ferry,both located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River,were important strategic territory in the period of the Sixteen States.The Fenglinguan Pass and Zuonanjin Ferry,located in the southern silk road of Longyou Area were the transportation pivots of Hezhou.The Jinchengguan Pass,Shichengjin and Qingshijin Ferry along the Jincheng River were the passageway connected Lanzhou with Liangzhou along the middle route of silk road.The Huiningguan Pass,and the Wulanguan Pass located in the big bay of Yellow River were the most convenient pivots from the northwest of Chang’an to Liangzhou along the north route of silk road.All these passes and ferries,as the main junction point of East-west traffic of Helong Region,had a very significant meaning for central government’s management to the traffic of the border areas and defend the frontier lines.In this article,on the bases of on-the-spot investigation,and comprehensively use the historical resources,Dunhuang and Turpan documents,Han wooden slips and epitaphs as well,the author tries to research the establishment time and location of the passes and ferries above,then further to explore the evolution of each pass and ferry and the traffic route through them.Firstly,the author hold the view that it is in Northern Zhou Dynasty that Yumenguan Pass moved from Dunhuang’s west to east,not Eastern Han Dynasty.Secondly,discuss the working condition of Yangguan road when Yangguan Pass no longer be the gateway to west regions,and how it was worked when combined with Yumenguan Pass road in Sui and Tang Dynasties.Thirdly,investigates the institution setting and function of Jinguan Pass,discusses the subordinate relationship among the Jianshui-Houguan(肩水候官),Dongbu-Houzhang(东部候长),Xingbei-Tingzhang(骍北亭长)and Guan-Sefu(关啬夫),and how their internal function operated.Fourthly,by analyzing the record for people went through the pass,the author thinks that Xuansuoguan Pass was located in the A21 site,which also was the seat of Leilu-Houzhang(累虏候长)and Leilu-Suizhang(累虏隧长).The A22 site,2 km south of A21 site,was both the seat of Xianglu-Suizhang(降虏隧长)and the Chengnan-Houzhang(诚南候长),had a function of defending Xuansuoguan Pass.Fifthly,explores the development process of Lingjinguan Pass from Baitu Ferry,and Guangwu-Liang from Qingshijin Ferry,as well as the transport route among Lanzhou,Hezhou,and Shanzhou.Sixthly,by analyzing the processes that Fenglinguan Pass changed from ferry to pass and finally to bridge,and its mutual influence with Bingling Temple,reveals the roles that Fenglingguan Pass played in the war between Tang and Tibet regime,and shows its strategic position in Hezhou’s transport network.Seventhly,discusses the eastward process of the seat of Jincheng prefecture’s government,and the interaction between Jinchengguan Pass,thinks that Jinchengguan Pass was not only an important strategic place to protect Jincheng prefecture from being attacked by others,but also the traffic pivot linked with the Liangzhou,Hezhou and Shanzhou during Northern Zhou Dynasty.Finally,through on-the-spot investigation,and study on the excavated epitaphs and historical sources,the author comes to the conclusion that the Wulanguan Pass and Huiningguan Pass were not set on the opposite of Yellow River,but both on the same side of Yellow River,respectively where the ancient Beichengtan Town and the old town site on its northwest located in.Put the passes and ferries into the network of silk road traffic,the author manages to through the traffic routes for envoys,the operation system of passport documents,and the phenomenon of Hu merchant’s smuggling trade that record in Turpan documents,to explain the significant meaning of passes and ferries in Helong Region.Liu Yuanding’s(刘元鼎)route from Chang’an to Tibet recorded in Tibet Biography of Tangshu,shows us the road map from central plains to Tibet,indicates that it was in Xiaochan-Du(today’s Xiaochuan-Huanghe bridge in Liujiaxia township,Jinyuan county,Gansu province)Liu Yuanding crossed Yellow River,in Xiaojingxing town(today’s Chuankou township,Minghe county,Qinghai province)together with Baishui troop Liu Yuanding firstly crossed the Huangshui River,and in Suirong town(today’s Huangyuan country,Qinghai province).He twice crossed Huangshui River,shows us a clearly traffic route between Tang Dynasty and Tibet.Further more,the document with the seal of“Yumen Guan Zhi Yin”unearthed from No.509 tomb at Astana is judged to be a damaged passport document issued by Tang Chancery,could be named as“the remaining passport document for slaves Dianxin and Guiming from Tang Chancery”,which can show us the function that Helong passes and ferries once held.The document above also shows us there were some sogdian merchants smuggling through passes and ferries in medieval China,took this as clue,the author has a further study on the pass and ferry law of Tang Dynasty.In summary,the author tries to put each pass and ferry into the transportation system of Helong Region,deepen ours understanding of the significant position that the passes and ferries in Helong Region once had in aspects like military,foreign affairs and trade etc.更多还原