【作者】 孙娜；

【导师】 邓晓华；

【作者基本信息】 厦门大学 ， 民族学， 2019， 博士

【副题名】以日语汉字词为研究中心

【摘要】 每一种语言都有不同于其他语言的特性,都是一个有着完整系统的世界,这个世界的固有存在形态也就是这种语言的民族性。本研究以语言接触理论和语言相对论为理论指导,以日本文化厅发布的常用汉字表、国立国语研究所开发的现代日语书面语均衡语料库为基本材料,利用专门的统计程序进行整体量化分析,并结合对日语混种词的分析以及个别词汇史的具体研究,最后加以综合、归纳,探讨汉日语言接触视野下,语言民族性在两种语言结构互相匹配过程中的体现。汉字词是汉日语言接触研究的关键所在,日语对汉字词的借用给日语的语音、词汇、语法都带来了影响。论文主体分为汉日语言的非自然接触关系、汉日语言接触对日语语音的影响、汉日语言接触对日语词汇的影响、汉日语言接触对日语语法的影响共计四个部分。通过考察中日古代交流的方式和日本文字的产生,辅以体质人类学、考古学等证据,证明了汉日语言的非自然接触关系,并且通过汉日核心词的比较,分析了汉日语言接触的深度。语音方面。中古汉语入声韵在日语汉字音中得到了体现;中古汉语的介音、复合韵母、入声、阳声韵的韵尾音等伴随着日语对汉字的借用,带来了日语特殊音节(长音、拗音、促音、拨音)的产生。并且汉语的浊声母汉字和以“1”音开头的汉字的传入,打破了日语ラ行音和浊音不做词头的规则,使原有的语音系统得到了扩充和发展。但是,日语固有的开音节结构、固有词汇音等没有受到影响,这些源于汉字词的语音变化,结果也基本应用于借用到日语里面的具有上述特点的汉字词。词汇方面。基于日本国立国语研究所开发的现代日语书面语均衡语料库,利用其短单位词汇表,按词类属性讨论日语对汉字词的借用。从借用角度来看,词汇方面除了直接借用的汉字词,还有间接借用的汉字词即混种词中的汉字词。在排除掉固有名词和记号等条件下,最终统计出来的日语汉字词占日语词汇量的48%以上,多于国立国语研究所的统计数据。而且,通过对各词类混种词里面的汉字词与日语词或日语成分结合情况的分析发现,日语所有词类都借用或曾经借用过汉字词,但借用方式各不相同,总体来看,日语对汉字词的借用要以能够实现日语该词类的语法功能为前提,从而对借用的汉字词进行必要的形式上的改造。语法方面。结合个别词汇史的考察,发现汉日语言的接触对日语语法产生的影响仅限于构词法方面。并且,这种影响主要是通过历史上日语的汉文训读体现出来的。综合来看,汉日语言接触对日语语法方面的影响是有限的。最后是结果与分析部分。日语对汉字词的借用既有广度和深度,又具有局限性;既对日语语言民族性造成了冲击,又受到日语语言民族性的制约。所有自然语言都具有描述无限的客观世界与人类经验的潜能,而一种语言只能拥有有限的结构形式。日语中大量汉字词的借用从根本上讲是文化借用,而语言基本结构没有改变,被称为语言内部机制的思维方式也就没有改变。汉日语言接触具有不可重现的历史因素,在这种非自然接触下,两种语言相互协调、形成系统的语音对应关系,的确在日语汉字词方面有明显体现,但是涉及到日语固有结构、或者核心词以及助词和助动词等能体现语法功能的特殊词类方面,日语依然努力坚守着语言接触发生之前的固有样态,依然保留着日语固有的民族性特征。更多还原

【Abstract】 Each language,with its distinctive features,constructs a world of integrated system whose intrinsic form represents the nationality of this language.Collecting the data from The Table of Joyo Kanji(published by the Japanese Agency of Cultural Affairs)and the Balanced Corpus for Contemporary Written Japanese(developed by the National Japanese Language Research Institute),this research synthesizes the statistical analysis with the detailed discussions on Japanese hybrid words and the explorations about the histories of individual particular Japanese words.Drawing on the theories of Language Contact and Linguistic Relativism,this study conducts a comprehensive quantitative analysis from the perspective of Sino-Japanese language contact in order to make enlightening observations on the reflections of language nationality of Chinese and Japanese in their linguistic structures’ matching process.Kanji is the key to understanding the Sino-Japanese language contact since it is the borrowing of Chinese characters into Japanese that has great impacts on Japanese pronunciation,vocabularies and grammar.Regarding this as the starting point,this thesis consists of four parts,respectively elaborating on the topics as the Sino-Japanese indirect contact relationship,the Sino-Japanese language contacts’ influence on Japanese pronunciation,vocabularies and grammar.The implications and limitations simultaneously exist for Japanese borrowing of Chinese words:it causes great attack on the language nationality of Japanese which in turn constitute some constrains on the borrowing process.Regardless of a single language’s finite number of linguistic structures,all natural languages possess the potential to describe infinite objective world and human experiences.The multiple instances of Japanese borrowing of Chinese words essentially represent the borrowing of Chinese cultures.The process of borrowing take place without any transformations of Japanese linguistic structures,thus it is also regarded as the maintenance of thinking ways underlying the linguistic intrinsic mechanism.The histories bringing in Sino-Chinese language never occur again.However,it is easy to discern the correspondence between two language’s lexicon which gradually come into being together with the coordination and the systematic pronunciation correspondences of two languages happening during the indirect language contacts.Nonetheless,referring to the intrinsic structures in Japanese or the particular words such as key words,particles and auxiliaries which play important grammatical roles,Japanese still maintain its intrinsic linguistics forms as the past so that the typical nationality of Japanese can be completely retained for its language.更多还原