【作者】 刘宁；

【导师】 胡谊；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 围棋专家能快速准确地识记棋谱,就如同其他记忆专家在识记领域内的材料时一样。对这一优势的解释,认知心理学家认为,记忆专家学会把不同材料组合在一起,然后通过长期的训练,其记忆技能得到不断的提高(如模板理论、长时工作记忆理论)。相应地,认知神经科学家认为这种提升的能力可能与具体脑区(如海马)激活有关系,尤其是与脑区间的功能网络(如工作记忆脑区前额叶激活的减少同时长期记忆脑区颞内侧结构激活的增加)有关。基于上述研究取向,本研究将继续探讨围棋专家更多的认知优势表现。更为重要的是,本研究认为,围棋专家的认知优势表现不仅体现在个体认知上,也体现在与他人的互动活动中,体现为认知的动态性和灵活性。这些认知特征可以在专家的脑活动以及与对手的脑-脑关联活动中找到相应的证据。为了研究围棋专家的这些认知特征及其脑基础,本研究设计了5个实验;前两个实验主要从个体认知的角度,采用专家-新手对比的实验范式,来探究围棋专家的记忆和计算特点及其脑基础;后三个实验则从互动认知的角度,采用两名棋手对弈的实验范式,来探究围棋专家的下棋决策特点及其脑基础。所有实验都使用了近红外脑成像技术;该技术不仅能收集棋手在做任务时的单个大脑活动的数据,也能同时收集两名棋手在完成同一任务时的大脑交流和互动活动的数据。个体认知视角下的研究发现:围棋专家在记忆真实棋局时的确存在优势;该优势与编码、提取阶段的脑区(背外侧前额叶)活动有关(实验1)。与此类似,围棋专家完成与计算相关的任务(计算己方情形和棋盘上的点数)时存在优势,且该优势与其右侧顶下小叶皮层(位于颞顶联合区)的脑激活增强有关;脑激活在专家训练年限与计算效率之间起完全中介作用(实验2)。互动认知视角下的研究发现:棋手双方使用相同模式下棋时平均每步的反应速度快,且背外侧前额叶区域存在显著脑间同步;该脑间同步与专家间的经验水平之差有关(实验3)。专家在布局时颞顶联合区存在显著的脑间同步,尤其是在定式阶段。对弈次数加快了棋手间的互动速度,配对专家经验水平与前后两次布局时的脑间同步差异呈负相关。脑信息流的方向为“高经验者→低经验者”的状态(实验4)。在整盘棋的对弈中,围棋专家在布局和收官阶段,颞顶联合区均存在显著的脑间同步;反应时和脑间同步在三个阶段上差异显著,布局阶段反应最快,脑间同步最高;其次是收官阶段;中盘阶段反应时最长,且不存在脑间同步;在布局和收官阶段脑信息流的方向都是从“赢方→输方”的状态(实验5)。上述研究结果表明,围棋专家的各类认知优势表现,与两个脑区的活动密切相关:一个脑区是背外侧前额叶,与棋谱记忆(棋子位置;实验1)、情形判断(死活题:实验3)有关;该脑区可能与围棋知识经验有关系;另一个脑区是颞顶联合区,与棋局计算(实验2)、下棋决策(实验4、5)有关;这个脑区可能与围棋的动态认知过程有关系。上述脑活动在不同认知阶段(如编码和提取,下棋决策过程等)体现出一些差异,证实了围棋专长的动态性和灵活性。本研究对围棋专家各方面认知优势表现及其脑基础的探讨,有助于进一步揭示围棋专长的实质及成因。同时,在研究方法上提供了新径(多人互动研究范式),为了解人类围棋能力的实质,以及今后的围棋人工智能提供了一些启示。更多还原

【Abstract】 GO experts can quickly and accurately memorize chess manual,just as other memory experts can memorize domain-specific materials.To explain this advantage,cognitive psychologists believe that memory experts learn to combine different materials,and then through long-term training,their memory skills are constantly improved(such as template theory,long-term working memory theory).Correspondingly,cognitive neuroscientists believe that this enhanced ability may be related to activation of specific brain regions(such as hippocampus),especially functional networks in brain regions(such as decreased activation of prefrontal cortex in working memory area and increased activation of medial temporal structure in long-term memory area).Based on the above research orientation,this study will continue to explore more cognitive advantages of GO experts.More importantly,this study holds that the cognitive advantages of GO experts are not only embodied in individual cognition,but also in interaction with others,which is embodied in the dynamics and flexibility of cognition.These cognitive characteristics can be found in the brain activities of experts and brain-to-brain related activities of opponents.In order to study the cognitive characteristics and brain basis of GO experts,five experiments were designed in this study.The two previous experiments mainly used the experimental paradigm of expert-novice comparison from the perspective of individual cognition to explore the memory and computational characteristics and brain basis of GO experts.The latte three experiments used the experimental paradigm of two people play GO game from the perspective of interactive cognition to explore the decision-making characteristics and brain basis of GO experts.Near infrared brain imaging technology was used in all experiments.This technology can not only collect the data of the individual brain activity of GO players in the task,but also the data of the brain communication and interaction activities of two GO playersin the same task at the same time.From the perspective of individual cognition,it is found that GO experts do have an advantage in memorizing the meaningful domain-specific materials,which is related to the activity of the brain region(dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,DLPFC)in encoding and extraction stage(Experiment 1).Similarly,GO experts have an advantage in calculating related tasks(calculating their own situation and points on the GO board),and this advantage is related to the enhancement of brain activation in the right inferior parietal lobe cortex(located in the temporal parietal junction,TPJ).Brain activation plays a complete mediating role between expert training years and computational efficiency(experiment 2).From the perspective of interactive cognition,the average response speed of each step is fast when both players use the same mode,and there is significant inter-brain synchronization in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.The inter-brain synchronization is related to the difference of experience level between experts(experiment 3).Experts have significant inter-brain synchronization in the temporal parietal junction in the opening stage,especially in the fixed pattern game stage.The number of the opening stage accelerates the speed of interaction between players,and the level of experience of matching experts is negatively correlated with the difference of inter-brain synchronization between the two stages.The direction of brain information flow is the state of “highly experienced low experienced”(experiment 4).In the course of playing the whole GO game,there are significant inter-brain synchronization in the temporal parietal junction in the opening stage and the ending stage of Go game.There are significant differences in response time and inter-brain synchronization in the three stages of the GO game.In the opening stage,response time is the fastest and the inter-brain synchronization is the highest,followed by the ending stage.The middle stage has the longest response time and there is no inter-brain synchronization.The direction of brain information flow in the opening and ending stage is from “winner to loser”(experiment 5).The results show that the cognitive advantage of Go experts is closely related to the activities of two brain regions: one is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,which is related to memory(GO board position;experiment 1)and situation judgment(dead or live question: experiment 3);the other is the temporal parietal junction area,which is related to GO game calculation(experiment 2),GO decision-making(experiment 4,5).This brain region may be related to the dynamic cognitive process of Go game.These brain activities reflect some differences in different cognitive stages,such as encoding and extraction,making decision process,and so on,which confirm the dynamics and flexibility of GO expertise.This study is helpful to further reveal the essence and causes of GO expertise by discussing the cognitive advantage of GO experts in various aspects and their brain basis.At the same time,it provides a new way in research methods(multi-person interaction research paradigm),in order to understand the essence of human Go ability,and provide some inspiration for future Go artificial intelligence.更多还原