【作者】 武鹏；

【导师】 高文汉；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 比较文学与世界文学， 2019， 博士

【摘要】 我国的古典小说《三国演义》于江户初期传入日本后,对其小说、绘画、戏剧等文学艺术的创作产生了重大的影响。明治维新后的日本近乎在全盘西化的过程中完成了近代化国家的转型,文化领域同样亦步亦趋追随西方。中国文化的影响力整体受到了较大冲击,然而《三国演义》却历久弥新。其刻画的英雄人物、讲述的生动故事、体现的理想道德受到日本文人追捧,成为他们抒发个人情感的重要依托。历史的车轮辗转到了二十世纪,单纯借鉴《三国演义》的文化元素创作文艺作品似乎已不能满足世人的需求。因此,一种全新的形式一一以吉川英治《三国志》(下称吉川《三国志》)为代表的现代版改写小说应运而生。吉川《三国志》采用一种更加符合现代日本人叙事习惯、审美趣味与科学认知的方式对《三国演义》进行整体建构。它的诞生标志着日本对“三国”文化的接受进入了一个崭新的时代,也为其后《三国演义》改写风潮与“三国”热潮,以及中国题材历史小说创作热潮的兴起奠定了基础。本文主要从中日比较文学、比较文化的视角出发,综合运用比较文学实证性影响研究、比较文学变异学等理论方法,并结合小说叙事学分析研究了吉川《三国志》的改写特色。通过比较研究,挖掘了中日两国文学文化的深层次关系,剖析了日本文学文化特有的一面,同时还深入解析了历史小说创作与时代背景、个人经历的密切关系,在研究视角与研究结论以及研究的系统性与完整性等方面取得了一定程度的创新。另外,小说的诞生开创了日本整体改写中国古典小说的先河,为其后此类作品的创作拓展了思路、树立了典范。因此,在做同类小说研究时,本文可提供重要的参考与借鉴。绪论部分第一节梳理了《三国演义》在日本的传播与影响脉络并对吉川《三国志》作了简要解析。《三国演义》于江户初期传入日本,随着初译本《通俗三国志》的问世,对绘本、读本、净琉璃等文艺创作产生了重大影响。进入二十世纪后,以吉川《三国志》为代表的现代版改写小说应运而生。第二节概述了先行研究文献。国内外有关《三国演义》的研究文献可谓卷帙浩繁,研究对象更是无所不包,并已取得较为丰硕的研究成果。然而吉川《三国志》的研究不但方向较为分散、成果较为匮乏,而且缺少科学分析与系统建构。第三节阐述了研究方法与研究意义。本研究综合运用比较文学实证性影响研究、文化过滤与文学变异之他国化研究等理论方法,结合小说叙事学的观点,在细读文本的基础上,深入分析研究小说的改写特色。本研究可为中日文学文化关系的研究提供一个新的视角、一条新的路径,增添一个独特的范例,并为其他同类小说研究提供重要的参考与借鉴。第一章考证了《通俗三国志》的翻译底本与吉川《三国志》的改写底本问题。《三国演义》版本众多,每个版本在语言表达、情节描写等方面多有出入。同时,由于吉川英治不懂汉文,他主要参照翻译版本进行创作。鉴于此,本章分别考证了《通俗三国志》的翻译底本为李卓吾评本《三国演义》,而吉川《三国志》的改写底本则是《通俗三国志》,为直接在原本与改写本之间进行比较研究奠定了基础。在明确两部作品底本的基础上,对国内相关研究资料出现的问题加以分析与探讨。第二章以文本表现形式的新尝试与内容上的主要增删为中心展开论述。文本形式方面,作为一部现代小说,吉川《三国志》摒弃了中国古典小说的章回体式,采用日本传统小说惯用的卷目方式,同时增加大量对话描写,增强小说情节的生动性与空间上的延展性。文本内容方面,小说开篇增补大量情节,为三国故事注入新鲜血液,而在诸葛亮离世处收笔,则体现了小说以人物命运为主线的改写特色。第三章剖析了吉川《三国志》对曹操、诸葛亮、刘备、关羽等主要人物形象的改写特色。第一节从三个方面论述了小说如何重塑曹操形象:强调曹操的正面形象、淡化“奸相”等负面形象;描写曹操感性的一面,以真情弱化奸伪;增补大量正面评说,引导读者重新认识曹操。之后从“局外人”身份、日本文学传统、时代背景三个方面分析了作者改写的原因。第二节解析了小说对诸葛亮形象的改写。通过叙述诸葛亮的身世及家人、增补评说揭开其“神力”的真面目以及改写“观天象,知吉凶”的情节,实现了其形象由“神人”到“智者”的转变。第三节围绕刘备形象的改写展开论述。小说着重刻画了刘母形象并增补鸿芙蓉这一女性人物,通过侧面描写充分表现刘备的孝道与情义,同时改写相关情节,突显刘备的“多智”,从而使其形象更加鲜活、饱满。第四节通过小说对关羽儒雅形象的描写,分析了“日式”武将特色,而关羽的忠义言行未见任何评说,则说明忠义思想早已深入日本人的内心,成为日本传统文化的底色。第四章考察了吉川《三国志》在思想文化表现方面对《三国演义》的传承、发展甚至“反叛”之处。小说基本继承了原作关于“谶纬”思想的描写,这体现了日本传统文化对中国文化的传承。之所以对原作生死描写的部分进行改写,则源于日本民族漫长历史中形成的不同于儒家思想的生死观。改写原作细节不真实、情节不合理的部分,可视为日本文学追求“真实”的历史传统与现代自然科学、自然主义文学共同作用的结果。受时代背景、作者个人经历等因素的影响,小说非但未表达出原作的反战主题,反而隐含着认同、支持侵略战争的思想,而对这一点给予了坚决的批判。结语部分对吉川《三国志》的影响与启示做了总结陈述。小说开启了《三国演义》“日式”创作的时代,之后的改写作品乃至文化产品大多不同程度受其影响,同时也客观推动了日本的中国题材历史小说创作热潮的兴起。小说让我们重新审视自已国家的经典文学人物与传统思想文化,为研究中日文学文化关系提供了新的素材,对进一步加强日本中国学的研究,培养更多“知日”人才起到推动作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 After Romance of the Three Kingdoms,the Chinese classical novel,was introduced into Japan in the early days of Edo era,it exerted a significant influence on its creation of literature and art such as novels,paintings and dramas.Japan,after the Meiji Restoration,almost completed the transformation to a modernized country by westernization in nearly all aspects,the filed of culture also included.The influence of Chinese culture as a whole has been waning,but that of Romance of the Three Kingdoms has lasted for a long time.The heroic figures,vivid stories,and norality depicted in the novel were sought after by Japanese literati and became an important basis for them to express their personal feelings and emotions.The wheel of history rolled on into the twentieth century.It seemed that the pure translation could no longer satisfy the popular need and hence a brand new form—the modern version of the rewriting of Chinese Romance of Three Kingdoms with Eiji Yoshikawa’s version of San Goku Shi as the representation—came into being.In Eiji Yoshikawa’s version,he constructed the Three Kingdoms as a whole in a way that is more in line with Japanese narrative habit,aesthetic taste and scientific cognition.And its birth marked the brand new era of Japan’s acceptance of Romance of the Three Kingdoms and laid a foundation for the subsequent rewriting trend and the upsurge of Three Kingdoms,as well the creation of historical novels with Chinese themes.From the perspective of comparative literature between China and Japan and the comparative culture,this dissertation analyzes and studies the rewriting features of Eiji Yoshikawa’s San Goku Shi,by comprehensively applying theoretical methods including the research of comparative literature empirical influence,cultural filtering and the study of foreignization of literary variation,and combining with the view of novel narratology.Through comparative study,the deep relationship between Chinese and Japanese culture is mined and the uniqueness of Japanese culture demonstrated,and how the historical novel creation relates to the background of the times and the personal experience is also analyzed with detail.This dissertation has achieved a certain degree of innovation in the research perspectives and conclusions,as well as the systematicness and integrity of the research.In addition,the birth of the novel creates a precedent for Japanese to rewrite Chinese classics as a whole,which expands the thinking and sets an example for the creation of such works.As a consequence,this dissertation can serve as an important reference when doing the research of similar novels.The first section of the introduction comes with the elaboration of the spreading and influence of Romance of The Three Kingdoms and the brief analysis of Eiji Yoshikawa’s version of San Goku Shi.Romance of the Three Kingdoms was introduced into Japan during early period of Edo era.With the publication of the first Japanese translated version of The Demotic Historical Novel of the Three Kingdoms,the Three Kingdoms had a significant influence on the literary and artistic creation such as bunraku(a Japanese form of puppet theatre),picture books and reading books.After entering the twentieth century,the modern rewritten novel represented by Eiji Yoshikawa’s version of San Goku Shi emerged.The second section comes with the review of the previous research literature.There are numerous research literatures both at home and abroad on the Romance of the Three Kingdoms,covering a wide range of objects of study,and have yielded fruitful results.However,the research on Eiji Yoshikawa’s version of San Goku Shi is scattered in the research direction and deficient in the research achievement,and lacks of scientific analysis and systematic construction.In the third section,the method this study bases on and the significance it has are illustrated.This dissertation deeply analyzes the rewriting features of Eiji Yoshiktrwa’s San Goku Shi on the basis of close reading of the text,by comprehensively applying theoretical methods including the research of comparative literature empirical influence,cultural filtering and the study of foreignization of literary variation,and combining with the view of novel narratology.This study can provide a new perspective and a new path for the study of Sino-Japanese literary and cultural relations and add a unique paradigm,which can also serve as an important reference for the study of similar novels.The first chapter explores respectively the original version of The Demotic Historical Novel of the Three Kingdoms and the referred one based on which Eiji Yoshikawa completed his rewriting.There are plenty of versions of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms,which differ from each other in terms of language expression and plot description.Due to little knowledge of Chinese,Eiji Yoshikawa does his creation mainly taking the translated version as the reference.In view of the above thinking,this chapter verified that the original version of The Demotic Historical Novel of the Three Kingdoms is Li Zhuowu’s version,while Eiji Yoshikawa does his rewriting mainly relying on The Demotic Historical Novel of the Three Kingdoms.This finding lays a solid foundation for the direct study between the original and the rewritten version.The second chapter mainly centers on the analysis on the rearrangement of form and content in Eiji Yoshikawa’s San Goku Shi.In terms of the text form,Eiji Yoshikawa’s San Goku Shi,as a modern novel,abandons the traditional Chinese classic couplet novel form,and adopts the common Japanese novel form of volume.A large amount of dialogues are added to increase the vividness of the plot and the readability of the novel.In terms of the text content,the novel begins with much more various plots,infusing new blood into the story about three kingdoms while it ends with the passing away of Zhuge Liang,which embodies the rewriting feature of building the novel around the fate of characters.The third chapter is about the elaboration of rewriting features of Cao cao,Zhuge Liang,Liu Bei,Guan Yu and other main characters.Section one discusses how the novel reshapes the image of Cao cao in the following aspects:to reinforce the positive image of Cao cao and eraselater his negative image as the treacherous prime minister;to emphasize his sensibility that belies his ferocity;to supplement a large number of positive comments made by the author to lead readers to form a totally new understanding of Cao cao.Then,from following three respects including the author’s identity as an "outsider",Japanese literary tradition and the background of the times,the reasons why Eiji Yoshikawa rewrites the Chinese classics are shown clearly in this dissertation.Section two is the detailed analysis on the rewriting of Zhuge Liang’s image.Through narrating Zhuge Liang’s life experience and family,the author adds some comments to reveal the true face of his "divine power" and rewrites the plot of" observing the celestial phenomena and knowing the fortune and misfortune",and thus the transformation of Zhuge Liang from "god-man" to "wise man" is realized.Section three focuses on the rewriting of Liu Bei’s image.The novel emphasizes on the portrayal of Liu’s mother and makes a new try to add the female character Hong Furong so as to fully demonstrate Liu as a filial and affectionate person.At the same time,several relating plots showing Liu Bei’s“wisdom”are rewritten accordingly,which can make the image more vivid and full.As for the section four,the characteristics of "Japanese-style" military are illustrated based on the description of the glamorous image of Guan Yu as a warrior,whereas no comment on his righteous words and deeds can be seen.The above mentioned indicates that the loyalty and righteousness have already become one part of Japanese people and the solid foundation of the Japanese traditional culture.The forth chapter investigates the inheritance and development for,and even the"rebellion" against the original work in Eiji Yoshikawa’s version of Shi,in the aspect of ideological and cultural expression.In his version,Eiji Yoshikawa basically retains the description of the "Divination" ideology(a kind of prophesy of Han people in ancient times),marking the inheritance of Japanese traditional culture to Chinese culture.It is because the view of life and death formed in the long history of Japanese nation differs totally from the Confucius one that the author does his rewriting in this part.The rewriting of the untruthful details and unreasonable plots in the original version can be regarded as a result of joint action by Japanese literature’s tradition of pursuing "truth"and the modern natural science and naturalistic literature.Subjected to the background of the times,personal experience and other factors,the author implies the intend to support the aggressive war instead of expressing the anti-war theme of the original work,which indeed should be criticized.The last chapter conclusion makes a summary on the influence and enlightenment of Eiji Yoshikawa’s version of San Goku Shi.The novel opened an era for"Japanese-style" creation of The later works ranging from the rewriting works to other cultural products were influenced to a certain extent,and the rise of Japanese historical novels with Chinese themes has been objectively promoted.More profoundly,the novel leads us to re-examine our classic literary characters and traditional ideology culture,providing new materials for the study of relationship between Chinese and Japanese literature and culture.And also,the novel plays an important role in further strengthening the Japanese study of the Sinology and cultivating more talents familiar with Japan.更多还原