【作者】 汤燕；

【导师】 左思民；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 语言学及应用语言学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 本文立足于翔实的语言事实,运用普通语言学、语言类型学以及认知语言学理论研究现代汉语的尝试范畴。重点考察动作行为尝试义在现代汉语中的编码形式,考察范围包括普通话和汉语方言。本文内容主要包括四个方面:尝试范畴语义性质分析;尝试范畴表达系统研究;典型尝试标记的历时演化研究;尝试范畴的类型学考察。首先,分析现代汉语尝试范畴的语义性质,认为尝试范畴具有典型的非现实性特征,体现了言者的主观性和目的性,在动作时间上指向将来时,同时还具有动量小的特征。并据此辨析了尝试范畴与时、体以及情态等范畴之间的关系问题,认为尝试范畴具有的非现实性特征使其有别于体范畴,故不宜将其看作是体的下位范畴,尝试范畴与情态有着更为密切的倾向性关联。之后,描写、分析并比较了三类主要尝试表达形式:“看”类助词、动词重叠以及“V一下”结构。以“看”为代表的助词是尝试范畴的语法形式,可不依赖于语境的帮助,无条件地表达动作行为的尝试意义。动词重叠以及“V一下”形式是短时量的主要表达手段,但在一定语境条件也可衍生出尝试意义,尝试意义应该看作是这两种形式的语用推理义。本文据此构建了以“看”类助词为原型核心形式,以动词重叠以及“V一下”结构为外围边缘形式的尝试范畴层级表达系统。随后,本文考察了典型尝试标记——“看”类助词的历时演化,运用语法化语境理论从句法方面对尝试标记“看”的演变动因提出了新的解释。最后,本文将汉语尝试范畴置于人类语言的大背景下,与民族语言,以及境外其他语言进行了关照,认为现代汉语的尝试范畴是委婉表达语用策略的产物,体现了民族思维的独特性。全文共由绪论和结语在内的九个章节构成。第一章是绪论,介绍研究对象及研究目标,分析研究现状,指出存在的问题,提出本文研究依据和研究价值,说明研究方法、研究思路、以及结构安排和语料来源。第二章是对现代汉语尝试范畴的语义性质分析。基于普通语言学以及语言类型学视角分析得出尝试范畴具有典型的非现实性特征,在动作时间上指向将来时,体现了言者的目的性和主观性,同时还具有动量小的特征。并据此辨析其与时、体、情态等范畴的关系问题,认为不宜将尝试范畴看作是体的下位范畴,它与情态有着更为密切的倾向性关联。第三章考察以“看”为代表的这类尝试标记在现代汉语普通话以及方言中的使用情况。首先分析“看”作为尝试标记在普通话中的句法表现和使用特点,然后考察“看”以及“看”类对应词在汉语方言中使用情况,得出“看”类标记在现代汉语中已发展成为专职的尝试语法标记的结论。第四章将关注的焦点置于“看”类尝试标记前附的VP结构类型,通过对普通话及汉语方言“VP看”类形式中“VP”结构类型的梳理归纳,发现“看”类尝试标记在前附的VP结构类型上呈现出以短时表达形式为主的特点,并对这一现象的原因给予了解释。本章的研究还发现,普通话“VV看”结构已经构式化,并向汉语方言中强势渗透。第五章主要围绕动词重叠与尝试义之间的关系问题展开论述。先是介绍动词重叠在现代汉语普通话以及汉语方言中的主要表现形式,然后重点就动词重叠与尝试意义之间的关系问题展开讨论。研究认为尝试意义并非动词重叠的语法意义,动词重叠只有置于“查看动作行为结果”这样的语境中才能产生尝试义。因此尝试意义应看作是动词重叠在特定语境条件下的语用推理义,这一看法在汉语方言中同样得到了验证。第六章主要考察“V一下”形式与尝试意义的关系问题。现代汉语中的“V一下”结构并非尝试意义的语法形式,这一结构主要用来表达短时意义。其中“一下”已经在部分方言中发生了语法化,成为短时的语法标记。“V一下”结构与尝试意义的关系是,它可以在一定条件下间或表达尝试意义,尝试意义是“V一下”结构的衍生意义,而非其本身固有的语法意义。第七章考察现代汉语典型尝试标记——“看”类助词在现代汉语中的共时变异和历时演变。先由汉语方言中的个案说起,指出现代汉语典型尝试标记来源于视觉动词的普遍性。然后运用语法化语境理论分析认为,“看”类尝试标记之所以能由视觉动词用法发展出尝试的语法意义,是因为其在句法结构上经历了“VP+看+S”的关键性阶段,S为疑问小句,口语互动语境下疑问小句S脱落,从而形成“VP看”格式,“看”的尝试义用法在这一结构中得以成形。句法和语义两方面的共同作用促成了“看”尝试义用法的产生。第八章是从人类语言的大背景下对汉语尝试范畴的进一步关照。本章先是归纳尝试范畴在汉语方言中的大致表现,之后考察了我国境内民族语言在尝试意义表达上的的特点。发现,民族语中普遍存在着表达尝试意义的语法形式,尤其是在那些与汉语有着密切接触的民族语言中,存在着与汉语极为相似的尝试表达系统。随后,本章考察了更为广阔的范围,发现其他语系中尝试范畴并不多见,本章据此得出可能性结论:现代汉语的尝试范畴是汉语委婉表达语用策略的产物,体现了民族思维的独特性。第九章是本文的结语,归纳本文的主要结论以及创新之处,同时指出不足和进一步需要研究的问题。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on abundant source of language facts,this dissertation analyzes and discusses the tentative category of modern Chinese in the view of general linguistics,typology linguistics and cognitive Linguistics.It mainly focus on the coding forms of tentative meaning of action and behavior in modern Chinese,the scope of study includes Mandarin and Chinese dialects.The main elements of this dissertation include four parts: analysis of the semantic natures of tentative category;study on the form system of tentative category;the diachronic evolution of typical tentative category marker;typological characteristics of tentative category.Firstly,it analyzes the semantic natures of tentative category of modern Chinese,and considers that tentative category has typical irrealis feature,and it shows the purpose and subjectivity of the speaker,the action time points to the furure,has the characteristics of little momentum.On the basis of these semantic natures,this dissertation analyzes the relationships between tentative category and tense,aspect,modality,considers that the irrealis feature makes tentative category different from aspect,it is not appropriate to think of the tentative category as the sub-category of aspect,there is a close relationship between tentative category and modality.Then,this dissertation describes,analyses and compares three main forms of tentative category,auxiliary "Kan",verb republication and "Vyixia" structure.The study holds that auxiliary "Kan" are the grammatical form of tentative category,which can express tentative meaning of an action unconditionally.Verb republication and "Vyixia" structure are primary forms of delimitative momentum,but it can derived tentative meaning from certain context,therefore,tentive meaning should be consider as pragmatic meaning of thess two forms.Based on this,this dissertation constructs a tentative category form system with auxiliary "Kan",verb republication and "Vyixia",auxiliary "Kan" is the core prototype form,verb republication and "Vyixia" structure is the outer edge forms.And then,it investigates the diachronic evolution of auxiliary "Kan" in modern Chinese,with the grammaticalization context theory,it puts forward a new explanation for the origin of tentative marker "Kan" from syntactic perspective.Lastly,the tentative category of Chinese is placed in the context of human languages,and compared with ethnic languages and foreign Languages,it is concluded that tentative category is the products of euphemistic expression of pragmatic strategies,it is a reflection of the uniqueness of national thoughts.Including introduction and conclusion,this dissertation is composed of nine chapters.Chapter one introduces the research object and goal,review related research,points out the existing problems,puts forward the research basis and the research value,explains the research methods and the research thoughts,as well as the structure arrangement and the sources of corpus.Chapter two analyzes the semantic natures of tentative category.Based on the view of general linguistics and typology linguistics,it is concluded that tentative category has typical irrealis feature,and shows the purpose and subjectivity of the speaker,points to the furure of the action time,has the characteristics of little momentum.On the basis of this,this chapter also analyzes the relationship between tentative category and tense,aspect,modality,considers that it is not appropriate to think of the tentative category as the sub-category of aspect,there is a close relationship between tentative category and modality.Chapter three study the tentative marker of "Kan" in Mandarin and Chinese dialects.Firstly,analyze the syntactic and usage characteristics of "Kan" as an tentative marker in Mandarin chinese,then study the usage of "Kan" and its equivalent words in Chinese dialects.It is concluded that they have developed into a specific tentative grammatical form in Modern Chinese.Chapter four focuses on the VP structure types before "Kan".Through sorting and summarizing VP structure types of "VP Kan " in Mandarin and Chinese dialects,it is found that the VP structure types of "VP Kan " show the characteristic of delimitative forms,and puts forward an explanation for this phenomenon.Researches in this chapter also finds that the structure of "VVKan" in Mandarin Chinese has became a construction and strongly permeated into Chinese dialects.Chapter five mainly focuses on the relationship between verb republication and tentive meaning.Firstly,it introduces the main forms of verb republication in Mandarin Chinese and Chinese dialects,and then discusses the relationship between verb republication and the tentative meaning,it is concluded that tentative meaning is not the grammatical meaning of verb republication,Only under the condition of "check the results of an action",the verb republication can acquire tentative meaning,so tentative meaning is the pragmatic meaning of verb republication.This view has been verified by Chinese dialects.Chapter six mainly explores the relationship between the structure of "Vyixia" and the tentive forms.The "Vyixia" structure is not the grammatical form of tentive meaning in modern Chinesee,it is mainly used to express delimitative meaning.Some of them has been grammaticalized into delimitative meaning marker in dialects.The relationship between "Vyixia" and tentative meaning is that it can express tentative meaning under certain conditions.Tentative meaning is the derivation meaning of "Vyixia",rather than its inherent grammatical meaning.Chapter seven examines the synchronic variations and diachronic evolution of auxiliary "Kan" in modern Chinese.Starting with the dialect case,it points out that the typical tentative marker universally originates from the visual verb in modern Chinese,then,using the grammaticalization context theory,it is concluded that the tentative grammatical meaning can be developed from visual verbs because it has experienced the critical stage of“ VP +Kan+S” in syntactic structure.It is syntactically and semantically,both contribute to the creation of tentative marker "Kan".Chapter eight gives explorations to the tentative category of Chinese from the background of human language.This chapter first summarizes the general expression of the tentative category in the Chinese dialect,then compared with ethnic languages and foreign Languages,it is conclude that there is a general grammatical form to express the tentative meaning,especially in ethnic languages with close contact with Chinese.It then examines the wider range of human languages and finds that in foreign Languages such systems of expression,similar to tentative category of modern Chinese,are not conmon.Therefore,we draw the possible conclusion that tentative category is the products of Chinese euphemistic expression of pragmatic strategies,it is a reflection of the uniqueness of national thought.The nine chapter is the conclusion of this paper,summarizes the main conclusions and innovations of this paper,and points out the insufficiency of this paper and the problems that need to be studied further.更多还原