县域城乡聚落体系的演化路径及其驱动机制研究

【作者】 李智；

【导师】 张小林；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 人文地理学， 2018， 博士

【副题名】以江苏省为例

【摘要】 改革开放以来,我国城镇化的持续较快发展取得了巨大成就,也带来了日趋严重的“城市病”和“乡村病”,城乡二元结构矛盾突出,“重城轻乡”的传统发展模式难以为继。要破解城乡二元结构矛盾,必须实施乡村振兴战略,走城乡融合发展的新道路。新时代背景下,构建科学合理的城乡聚落体系是实现城乡融合发展的重要切入点和抓手。深入探究城乡聚落体系的演化路径及其驱动机制对于构建科学合理的城乡聚落体系、推动城乡聚落优化重构具有重要的理论和实践意义,可为当前我国城乡聚落研究提供新思路和新方法,为促进城乡融合发展、推动乡村振兴战略落地实施提供科学依据。本文以我国经济发达的江苏省为例,通过县域城乡聚落发展现状的评价,将全部县市划分为发达、中等发达、欠发达三种类型,从中相应地选择张家港市、泰兴市、涟水县作为研究案例地。采用理论研究与实证分析相结合、静态分析与动态研究相结合、统计分析与空间分析相结合的方法,贯穿“格局—过程—机制—优化”的研究脉络,对1995年—2015年这一城镇化快速发展时期县域城乡聚落体系的演化路径及其驱动机制进行了探究。本研究的主要结论如下:(1)揭示了江苏省不同类型县域城乡聚落体系的格局特征。从规模结构来看:张家港市、泰兴市、涟水县城—镇—村规模结构分别呈“橄榄型”、“金字塔型”、“三字型”分布,等级结构分别呈“倒三角形”、“梯形”、“三角形”分布,首位度指数分别为0.79、1.32、3.15,齐夫指数分别为1.22、1.04、0.83,县域内乡镇用地规模分别呈“梯度”、“梯度+均衡”、“极化+均衡”分布。从空间结构来看:张家港市、泰兴市、涟水县城乡聚落景观指数特征差异明显,核密度低值区分别呈“2带”、“L型”、“2点+1带”分布,空间聚类中心分别呈“三角型”、“倒T字型”、“哑铃型”分布,它们的村镇空间结构包括单中心集聚、双中心集聚、多中心集聚、弱中心集聚四种模式。(2)归纳出江苏省县域城乡聚落体系的演化路径。通过城乡聚落体系演化过程的实证分析,总结了发达类型、中等发达类型、欠发达类型县域城乡聚落体系的演化路径及其共同点和不同点。在此基础上,进一步归纳出县域城乡聚落体系演化的一般性路径。就一般性路径而言,从规模结构来看:①县域城乡聚落的总数量不断减少,建设用地总规模不断增加;②城—镇—村规模结构从“凸字型”经“三字型”、“凸字型”、“金字塔型”向“橄榄型”方向演化;③高等级聚落的数量不断增加,其建成区面积不断增大,县域聚落等级结构从“三角形”(“△”)向“倒三角形”(“▽”)方向演化;④县城区的极化发展特征首先不断增强,然后逐渐减弱;⑤城乡聚落规模结构的不均衡性日益显著,但不均衡性的变化速率先增加后减小。从空间结构来看:①空间集聚程度和联通程度不断增强,最大斑块在空间分布格局中的地位不断凸显;②空间分布密度不断减小,以县城区、重点镇区的周边空间变化为主;③空间分布中心逐渐远离几何中心,向县城区方向移动,且移动速度不断加快;④空间聚类特征日益显著,热点集聚区面积不断扩张,热点中心数量不断增加;⑤城乡聚落空间结构从“单中心”逐渐向“双中心”、“多中心”方向演变。(3)提炼出县域城乡聚落体系的“四轮”驱动机制。运用定性与定量相结合的方法,揭示出地理环境、城镇化、经济发展、交通网络、制度与管理等主要因素对城乡聚落体系演化的影响机理。在此基础上,进一步提炼出城乡聚落体系的驱动机制:经济发展、城镇化、交通网络、制度与管理四种重要因素相互作用,共同构成了一个“四轮”驱动系统,并遵循空间组织规律和“结构—功能”相互适应规律,推动城乡聚落体系从低水平向高水平方向演变,并且驱动结果对驱动过程具有一定的反馈作用。(4)总结出城乡聚落体系演化过程中的问题及对策。城乡聚落体系的演化过程中存在城乡聚落空间持续扩张、面临制度和政策困境以及缺少系统化规划指引等问题,在坚持城乡聚落有机整体的系统观、城乡融合发展理念等原则的前提下,提出四种优化策略:加强城乡聚落体系优化的理论研究、完善城乡聚落体系的制度建设与规划管理、推动城乡聚落的自我更新、探索城乡聚落体系优化重构的多元模式。本研究的创新点如下:(1)将研究视角拓展至城乡聚落体系,聚焦微观尺度的自然聚落,构建了县域城乡聚落体系的定量评价方法,揭示了城镇化快速发展时期江苏省县域城乡聚落体系的演化路径。(2)通过深入解析经济发展、城镇化、交通网络、制度与管理等影响城乡聚落体系演化的主要因素,提炼出城镇化快速发展时期县域城乡聚落体系的“四轮”驱动机制。更多还原

【Abstract】 Not only tremendous achievements have been made,but also the growing "urban disease" and "rural disease" have been induced in the period of rapid urbanization in China.Both traditional urban and rural development pattern is unsustainable,resulting in the increasing urban-rural binary structural contradictions at present.Urban-rural integrated development is the only way to resolve the dual-structure between cities and rural areas in the critical period of social-economic transition.Under the context of the new era,constructing reasonable urban-rural settlement system is an indispensable measure to promote the integration of urban and rural areas.There is of great theoretical and practical meaning to perfect the system of urban-rural settlement by the means of exploring the evolution paths as well as driving the mechanism of urban-rural settlement system.Furthermore,this study can create a new idea of the research on urban-rural settlement as well as provide science evidence to promote urban-rural integrated development and rural revitalization.This thesis uses the well-developed Jiangsu province located in the coastal region of southeastern China as a case,as well as constructs the evaluation method of urban-rural development at county level.And all the counties of Jiangsu province are evaluated by Urban-Rural Development Index and can be divided into three types.Subsequently,Zhangjiagang,Taixing,and Lianshui are chosen as the research representatives.On that basis,this thesis explores the evolution paths and the driving mechanism of urban-rural settlement system at county level under the context of rapid urbanization,taking"pattern-process-mechanism-optimization" as the main line.According to the land change survey data and remote sensing data,varieties of research methods,such as the combination of theoretical research and empirical analysis,the integration of static analysis and dynamic research,and the combination of statistical analysis and spatial analysis,are utilized.According to the research as mentioned above,this thesis comes to the below conclusions:(1)Revealing the current pattern of urban-rural settlement system in three typical counties.① For Zhangjiagang,the urban-town’s-rural size structure shows the"olive-pattern" feature;grade structure of settlements indicates the "inverted triangle"feature;its primacy degree is 0.79,and Ziff index is 1.22;the size structure of towns in the county demonstrates the characteristic of "graded" distribution;while the low values of kernel density indicates "2 belts" pattern;spatial cluster of settlements presents the"triangle-pattern" feature;the spatial structures of towns are mainly single-center and double-centers.②For Taixing,the urban-town’s-rural size structure shows the "pyramid-pattern" feature;the grade structure of settlements indicates the "trapezoid" feature;its primacy degree is 1.32,and Ziff index is 1.04;the size structure of towns in the county indicates the characteristic of "graded-balanced" distribution;while the low values of kernel density presents the "L" pattern;the spatial cluster of settlements shows the"inverted T-pattern" feature;spatial structures of towns are mainly multi-centers and weaken-center.③For Lianshui,the urban-town’s-rural size structure presents "san-pattern"feature;the grade structure of settlements indicates the "triangle" feature;its primacy degree is 3.15,and Ziff index is 0.83;the size structure of towns in the county shows the"polarized-balanced" distribution;while the low values of kernel density presents "2 pointss+1 belt" pattern;the spatial cluster of settlements shows the "dumbbell-pattern"feature;the spatial structures of towns are mainly double-centers and weaken-center.(2)Summarizing the evolution paths of urban-rural settlement system at county level.Based on the empirical study,this thesis summarizes three typical evolution paths of urban-rural settlement system at county level in Jiangsu province,including Developed County,Medium Developed County,and Less Developed County.On this basis,the general evolution paths of urban-rural settlement system at county level are concluded.From the scale structure:①The number of settlements in the county is decreasing,yet the total size is increasing;②The urban-town’s-rural size structure is evolving from the"stele-pattern" to the "san-pattern",then to the "stele-pattern",the "pyramid-pattern",and the "olive-pattern" in the stage of rapid urbanization.③ The number and built-up area of high grade settlements are increasing,and grade structure at county level evolves from"triangle-pattern" to "inverted triangle-pattern".④The polarization feature of county’s development becomes increasingly significant before becoming growingly weaken.⑤The inequality of size distribution is increasingly significant,yet the change speed increases before decreasing.From the spatial structure:①The degrees of spatial agglomeration and connectivity are growing increasingly strengthened and the largest patch index is increasing significantly in the whole pattern.②Spatial distribution density is continually decreasing in the county,and the changes are mostly located in the surrounding Chengguan town and key towns.③The center of spatial distribution keeps away from the geometric center of the county to the Chengguan town,and the speed is accelerating during the process of urbanization.④The characteristic of the spatial cluster of the urban-rural settlement system becomes increasingly significant,and the areas and number of hot-points are increasing rapidly in the county area.⑤ The spatial structure of urban-rural settlement system evolves from single-center to double-center,and then to multi-center.(3)Revealing the driving mechanism of the urban-rural settlement system at county level.This thesis explores the different effects on urban-rural settlement system in three typical counties from several important factors,such as geography conditions,urbanization,economy,traffic network,institution and administration.On this basis,this thesis puts forward the driving mechanism of the urban-rural settlement system at county level.There is close interaction among urbanization,economy,traffic network,institution and administration,and all these constitute a "four-wheel" driving system.There are spatial organization rules as well as the "structure-function" mutual adaptation rule in the driving process.The urban-rural settlement system evolves from the low level to the high level and the driving result has certain feedback function to the driving process.(4)Concluding the problems and strategies in the developing process of urban-rural settlement system.There are some problems in the evolutionary course of urban-rural settlement system,such as the unsustainable pattern of rapid expansion of urban-rural construction land,the dilemma of institutions and regulations,as well as the lack of systematic guidance of town and country planning.Insisting on the ideas of urban-rural community and urban-rural integrated development,this thesis puts forward four countermeasures,including strengthening the theoretical research on the optimization of the urban-rural settlement system,perfecting the institution and regulation of the urban-rural integrated development,promoting the self-renewal of urban and rural settlement,and exploring the pluralistic models of the reconstruction of the urban-rural settlement system.The innovations of this thesis are as follows:(1 Focus on the research theme of urban-rural settlement system,and put forward the evaluation method of the urban-rural settlement system at county level from two aspects,including scale’s structure and spatial structure,and then reveal the evolution paths of urban-rural settlement system at county level in the stage of rapid urbanization.(2)Explore the affection on urban-rural settlement system from geographical conditions,regional economy,urbanization,transport network,institution and management.On this basis,this thesis puts forward the driving mechanism of the urban-rural settlement system at county level by adopting the method of system analysis.更多还原