【作者】 周丹；

【导师】 安维复； 陈立新；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2018， 博士

【摘要】 辩证法和形而上学(1)(机械唯物主义或形而上学唯物主义)是马克思主义哲学的重要范畴,如何理解辩证法与形而上学之间的关系问题也是推进马克思主义哲学思想发展的重要依据,对于马克思主义哲学而论,完整准确地理解唯物辩证法固然重要,但完整准确地理解形而上学可能同样重要。长期以来,我们对辩证法的理解和界定比较清晰完备,而对形而上学或机械唯物主义的界定,则停留在“孤立、静止和片面的世界观”上。如果机械唯物主义是这样一种世界观,那它可能根本就不配做唯物辩证法或辩证唯物论的思想对手,它也不可能有什么“基本内核”值得唯物辩证法去“扬弃”。更重要地是,学界有关辩证法的研究一直是理论热点,而有关机械论的研究几乎寥寥。因而有必要追问作为唯物辩证法对立面的机械唯物主义是孤立、静止和片面的思维方式的真实意义。通过梳理马克思主义经典文献,机械唯物论是“孤立、静止和片面的世界观”的论断主要源自苏联教科书体系,这种理解抓住了机械唯物论的要害,但缺乏机械论本身经典的直接解读,只是引证了马克思特别是恩格斯的批判性话语。由于缺乏论敌方的文献支撑,这种对机械论的判定缺乏公平。从这一问题出发,基于马克思主义经典作家提供的线索,重回近代机械论的原典文献(如机械论者伽森狄、笛卡尔、牛顿等的经典文本)。经过原典审读和当代研究的分析,我们发现所谓机械论作为“孤立、静止、片面”的世界观,并非常识意义上的“机器隐喻”那么简单,机械论是西方学术特别是哲学自古希腊哲学以来长期发展的产物,它是德谟克利特-伊壁鸠鲁的古代原子论、毕达哥拉斯-柏拉图的数理传统和亚里士多德的因果论三种主要思想传统的汇聚。经过中世纪的沉淀和意大利文艺复兴的泛起,在17世纪形成了机械论或机械唯物主义的世界观。从机械论的古典形式以及近代思想家的重建,我们可以概括出机械论的三个思想特征:第一,还原主义(分析-综合)的方法论;第二,世界及其运动的因果律;第三,对因果律的数学表达。机械论的世界图景是马克思主义诞生以前最具影响力的世界观,它创造了近代自然科学的经典形式,深深地影响了当时人类对物质世界包括人类社会的理解。同时也应看到机械论思想的局限性:还原主义方法论有助于我们发掘事物或运动的主要动因甚或根本动因,却难以描述事物或运动的普遍联系;因果律可以揭示事物或运动之间的因果联系特别是单一因果之间的关联,却无法揭示多因多果、因果不断变异的现象或运动;数学语言便于精确地表达事物及其运动的因果关系,但当时的数学语言在精确地表达因果律的同时也把事物及其运动“绝对化”了。按照这种理解,我们应该正视唯物辩证法对机械论或形而上学的“扬弃”,重新思考机械论作为“孤立、静止和片面的世界观”的洞见与盲点。马克思主义哲学特别是它的唯物辩证法理论对机械论的“扬弃”包含两个方面:其一是“扬”或肯定与包容,其二是“弃”或否定与诫勉。唯物辩证法对机械论的肯定与包容主要有三个方面:第一,世界是物质的基本判断,这已经得到共识;第二,对世界及其运动是有规律的判断,但在这个问题上,可能存在疑问,我们往往把世界运动的规律性归结到辩证唯物主义,其实机械论应该先于唯物辩证法系统地论证并践行了世界的因果规律,严格说来,关于世界运动的规律性,发明权不在唯物辩证法,而在于机械论,但唯物辩证法在此基础上提出了不同于甚或超越于因果律的辩证发展规律;第三,还原主义(分析综合)的方法也是唯物辩证法应以正视的,马克思本人多次强调并在《资本论》等著述中反复说明,唯物辩证法对还原主义方法是包容而不是取代。而唯物辩证法对机械论的否定与诫勉也有三个方面:第一,机械论造成的“绝对时空观”,这不论在科学上还是在哲学上都是有问题的;第二,被绝对化了的分析-综合方法,将分析方法绝对化成为还原主义,将综合方法绝对化成为经验主义,这种绝对化对于方法论而言都是有局限的;第三,将机械论在自然科学中的成就拓展到社会领域,得出唯心史观,这是马克思主义批判机械论最为要害之处。综上,通过对机械论思想史和机械论者的经典文本分析,其思想实质是以还原论的或分析综合推理和实验方法发现因果律及其数学表达的世界观。这种思维方式对哲学、科学以及社会生活都产生了巨大影响。同时,正视唯物辩证法对机械论的“扬”和“弃”。既要重视唯物辩证法对机械论的肯定,又要重视唯物辩证法对机械论的否定,更好地推进和发展马克思主义哲学唯物辩证法。更多还原

【Abstract】 Dialectics and Metaphysics(Mechanical Materialism or Metaphysical Materialism)are important categories in Marxism Philosophy.How to understand the relationship between dialectics and metaphysics is also the important basis for advancing the development of Marxist philosophy.For Marxist philosophy,it is important to understand materialist dialectics correctly,but it is equally important to understand the metaphysics.For a long time,our understanding and definition of dialectics has been relatively clear and complete,but the definition of metaphysics or mechanical materialism is stuck in the "isolated,static and one-sided world view".If mechanical materialism is such a worldview,then it may not be worthy of being the opponent of materialist dialectics or dialectical materialism,It is also impossible to have any "basic core" worthy of materialist dialectics’ sublation.More importantly,it has always been a hot topic to research dialectics in the academic circle,and the research on mechanism is almost paralyzed.Therefore,it is necessary to Inquiry the true meaning that mechanical materialism is isolated,static and one-sided thinking.By combing the classic Marxist literature,the argument that mechanical materialism is "isolated,static and one-sided world view" is mainly derived from the Soviet textbook system.This understanding captures the key point of mechanical materialism,but lacks the direct interpretation of the classical literature of mechanism,but only cites thecritical discourse of Marx,especially Engels.The judgment of mechanism is lacking fairness due to lacking of literature support on the enemy.Starting from this problem,based on the clues provided by the classic Marxist writers,we should return to the original texts of modern mechanistic(such as the classic texts of mechanistic Gassendi,Descartes,Newton,etc.).After the analysis of the literature and contemporary research,we can know the mechanism is the "isolated,static,one-sided" worldview is not just the "machine metaphor",mechanism is the product of long-term development of Western scholarship,especially philosophy since ancient Greek philosophy.Mechanism is the convergence of three intellectual traditions;they are the ancient atomism of Democritus-Israel,the mathematical traditions of Pythagoras-Plato and the causality of Aristotle.After the medieval sedimentation and the rise of the Italian Renaissance,the worldview of mechanism or mechanical materialism was formed In the 17 th century.From the classical form of mechanism and the reconstruction of modern thinkers,we can summarize three ideological characteristics of mechanism: The one,the methodology of reductionism(analysis-integration);Second,the law of causality about the world and its movement;Third,the mathematical expression of the law of causality.The world view of mechanism is the most influential worldview before the birth of Marxism.It created the classic form ofmodern natural science and deeply influenced the understanding of human beings and human society.But,we should also see the limitations of mechanism: The method of reductionism helps us to explore the fundamental causes of things or movements,but it is difficult to describe the universal connection of things or movements;The law of causality can reveal the causal connection between things or movements,especially the relationship between single causality,but it cannot reveal the phenomenon or movement of multiple causes.Mathematical language facilitates the accurate expression of the causal relationship between things and the movements,but at the time the things and movements were also absolutation by the mathematical language.According to this meaning,we should face up to the “ sublation ” of mechanism and metaphysics from materialist dialectics,and rethink the insights and blind spots of mechanism that is“isolated,static and one-sided world view”.Marxism especially the materialist dialectics has two aspects to sublate the mechanism.The first is affirmation and tolerance,and the second is abandonment or negation.There are three main aspects to the affirmation and tolerance from materialism to mechanism: First,The world is made up of matte,it has become a consensus;second,the world and its movements are regular,But there may be doubts on this issue,We often attribute the regular movement of the world to dialectical materialism.Actually,mechanism should systematically demonstrate andpractice the law of causality in the world before the materialist dialectics.Strictly speaking,the mechanism finds the regularity of the world movement,not the materialist dialectics.But on the basis of that,materialist dialectics puts forward the dialectical development law that is different from or even beyond the law of causality;third,the materialist dialectic should face the analytical-integrated approach.Marx himself repeatedly emphasized and repeatedly explained in the writings of Capital.Materialist dialectics is an inclusive rather than a substitute for analysis-integrated methods.The materialism dialectic has three aspects of the negation and obscurity of mechanism: First,the "absolute space-time view" caused by mechanism is problematic both in science and in philosophy;Second,the absolute analysis-integrated method is limited to the methodology,the analytical method is absolutization into reductionism,and the comprehensive method is absolutization into empiricism.Third,the mechanism has great achievements in the natural sciences,but it was drawn the idealistic view of history in the social realm,that is the most important point of Marxist criticism of mechanism.In summary,through the analysis of the history of mechanism and the classical text of mechanistic,the essence is to discover the worldview of causality and its mathematical expression by reductionism or analysis-integrated method and experimental methods.The thinking has had a great impact on philosophy,science,and social life.And we shouldface up to the "promotion" and "abandonment" of the mechanism from materialism.We should attach importance to the affirmation of mechanism by materialist dialectics,and also to the denial of mechanism by materialist dialectics,it is better to promote and develop the materialist dialectics of Marxist philosophy.更多还原